Transcript File - Coach Wilkinson`s AP Euro Site

It Begins…
• After the failure of the 1830-1832 revolutions,
leadership for Italian unification passed to Giuseppe
Mazzini.
– Founded Young Italy in 1831- its goal was a
united Italian republic.
– Their dreams were almost fulfilled in 1848 when a
number of Italian states revolted.
– Venice became a republic, the Kingdom of
Piedmont tried to free Italy from Austrian control
– But counterrevolutionary forces prevailed, Austria
defeated Piedmont and the French helped Pope
Pius IX regain control of Rome.
Garibaldi Defends Rome
Against the French, (April 30,
1849)
Pope Pius IX: The
“Spoiler”?
Italian Nationalist
Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
• In the 1850’s Austria is still the dominant power on
the Italian peninsula.
• Italian nationalists started to focus on Piedmont as
their best goal to achieve unification.
• Victor Emmanuel III is the current king and his
minister is Count Camillo di Cavour.
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Italian unification
movement:
Risorgimento
[“Resurgence”]
Count Cavour
• Liberal minded, noble, fortune from agriculture,
banking, railroads and shipping.
• He was a moderate who favored constitutional
government.
• His growth of the Piedmont economy allowed him to
pour money into equipping a large army.
• He knew he would be a fool to challenge Austria
directly- he would need help.
• 1858- Cavour and Napoleon III came to an
agreement to drive the Austrians out of Italy.
Cavour & Napoleon III Meet
at Plombières, 1858
What “deals” are made here?
• The terms of their agreement.
– Piedmont would add Lombardy, Venetia, Parma,
Modena and part of the papal states to its territory.
– France would receive Nice and Savoy from
Piedmont.
– A kingdom of central Italy would be created for
Napoleon III’s cousin, Prince Napoleon who would
be married to Victor Emmanuel III’s daughter.
– Napoleon believed he would have the opportunity
to control Italy with this arrangement.
– Once the agreement was settled, Cavour
provoked Austria to war.
Betrayal
• The French won the first two battles but
realized the Austrian army was far from
defeated and that Prussia was mobilizing to
support them.
• France made peace with Austria without Italy
knowing.
• Piedmont got Lombardy but Venetia went to
Austria.
• Cavour was FURIOUS
Austro-Sardinian War,
1859
Meanwhile in the South…
• Giuseppe Garibaldi arose as a new leader for Italian
unification (former supporter of Mazzini)
• Raised an army of red shirts and went to help the
revolutionaries fighting against the King of the 2
Sicilies.
• He won and most of Sicily was under his control. ‘He
began a march up the Italian coast, Naples fell to
him next.
• Re enter Cavour…aware that Garibaldi wanted to
march on Rome, which would being the French.
– In addition Cavour was a moderate, Garibaldi wanted a
democratic republic.
• Cavour intervenes and invades the Papal
states, headed to Naples.
• Garibaldi yields to him vs. civil war and retires
to his farm.
• Cavour in 1861- creates the new kingdom of
Italy under Victor Emmanuel III- papal states,
2 Sicilies and Piedmont Sardinia.
• Cavour dies.
• Yet Austria still held Venetia and the Pope still
held Rome.
Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts”
Unite
with Cavour
• Italy was unprepared to fight the French or the
Austrians.
• It was Prussia that indirectly finished Italian
unification.
• When Austria and Prussia went to war in 1866, the
new Italian state allied with Prussia.
• The Italians were defeated but the Prussians won
and gave Italy Venetia.
• In 1870 France and Prussia went to war, leading
the French to withdraw troops from Rome.
• The Italian army annexed the city and in 1870 it
became the new capital of a united ITALY
Austro-Prussian War,
1866
Austria loses
control of
Venetia.
Venetia is
annexed to
Italy.
French Troops Leave Rome,
1870
Italy is
united!
A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary
British cartoon,
entitled "Right
Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi helping
Victor Emmanuel
put on the
Italian boot.
The Kingdom of Italy:
1871
What problems still remain for Italy?
Zollverein, 1834
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Prussia and Austria were the
only two states powerful
enough to dominate German
affairs.
Prussia created the Zollverein
in 1834 which was basically a
trade/customs union. Everyone
but Austria joined.
Germans began to see Prussia
in a new light, as their possible
leader to bring about
unification.
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck
The “Iron
Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood
&
Iron”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
The less people know about how
sausages and laws are made, the
better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has
been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not
be settled by speeches and majority
decisions—that was the mistake of
1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
I am bored. The great things are
done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating
is always followed by a generation that
deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the
Balkans will provoke the next war.
The German Confederation
William I tried to pass a bill
to increase the power of
the Prussian army.
Parliament fearing that
voted it down.
Bismarck is appointed as
prime minister and tries
again.
When he is denied by
parliament, he rules the
next several years without
it.
Raises the taxes and
begins building up the
army anyways.
Step #1:
The Danish War
[1864]
Bismarck always made sure Prussia
would fight only one power during a
war and that the power was
diplomatically isolated.
Bismarck persuaded Austria to join
Prussia in declaring war on Denmark.
Denmark lost and Prussia got
Schleswig and Austria Holstein.
Bismarck began plotting to gain
control over Northern German states,
and while working with Austria he
was also laying the foundation for
war if it came to that later.
The Peace of
Vienna
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
• Bismarck easily got Russia’s agreement to
stay neutral in the case of an Austrian
Prussian war.
• Napoleon III took longer, but Bismarck was
able to get his neutrality in exchange for
promises of land.
• Then Bismarck made a deal with the new
Italian state, Venetia in exchange for
neutrality, once Prussia won.
• Prussia won the war and refused to place a
harsh punishment on Austria, they lost no
territory but Venetia and had to stay out of
German affairs.
• Northern German states unified under
Prussia and the Southern states (Catholic)
remained independent.
Prussia
Austria
Step #3: Creation of the
Northern German Confederation,
1867
Shortly following
the victory of
Prussia, Bismarck
eliminated the
Austrian led German
Confederation.
He then established a new North
German Confederation which Prussia
could control  Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted
Prince Leopold von Hohenz.
[a cousin to the Kaiser & a
Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm
to the French Ambassador to make it seem as
though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
• French declared war after the Ems Dispatch
• The Prussians quickly and soundly defeated France.
• The French had to pay 1 billion in war reparations to Prussia
and they lost Alsace and Lorraine, leaving the French wanting
revenge.
• The Southern German states now agreed to unify with the
North.
• Germany had been merged in Prussia under William I.
Step #4: Franco-Prussian
War
[1870-1871]
Bismarck & Napoleon III After
Sedan
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was
replaced by the Third French Empire.
The Italians took Rome and made it their
capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in
defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that
ended the Crimean War].
------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was
occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a
region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing
textile industry].
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm
I
[r. 1871–1888]
Prussian Junkers Swear Their
Allegiance to the Kaiser
German
Imperial
Flag
German for “Empire.”
Bismarck Manipulating
the Reichstag
Though the creation of parliament elected by
universal male suffrage presented
opportunities for the growth of democracy, it
failed to develop in Germany before WW1,
because of the army and Bismarck.
The army refused to be subordinate to the
Reichstag, responsible only to the Emperor.
Bismarck’s policies also stifled the growth of
democracy.
Kulturkampf- struggle for civilization
1878- passed an anti socialist law
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:
Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of
the hands of the clergy  civil
marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from
Germany.
The education of Catholic priests
would be under the supervision of the
German government.
Bismarck’s Reapproachment
With the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII
Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 18881918]
The socialist party continued to grow in Germany despite
Bismarck’s efforts.
He had plans for more repressive measures but the new Kaiser,
retired him before he could carry them out in 1890.
Queen Victoria’s
Grandchildren
“Dropping
the
Pilot”
[1890]
Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Louis Napoleon won over the French people and in 1851 when
parliament wouldn’t let him run for reelection, he seized control
of the government with troops.
• He instituted universal male suffrage and asked the people to
elect him president for 10 years.
• He won the vote overwhelmingly.
• A year later he asked the people to make him emperor and
97% voted yes.
• France was ruled under Napoleon III as an authoritarian state.
• There was a parliament, elected by all the male voters, but they
couldn’t initiate legislation or have a say in the budget.
• The first 5 years of his reign were uber successful (he used
government resources to encourage industrial growth.
–
–
–
–
Finished the railroads
Tripled iron production
Provided free healthcare for workers and advocated for better housing
Redesigned Paris into a modern city
• Napoleon III was less successful in his foreign policy.
• Sent troops to Mexico to help Spain and Britain protect their
interests among rebellions.
– British and Spanish withdrew forces after order was restored
but the French remained.
– The French put an emperor on the throne of Mexico, but
when they had to withdraw their troops in 1867, the
Mexicans executed the emperor, damaging French prestige.
The Crimean War [18541856]
Russia
[claimed
protectorship over
the Orthodox
Christians in the
Ottoman Empire
and occupied
modern day
Romania]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
British and French wanted to prevent Russian
expansion esp their access to the western
Mediterranean.
Napoleon III believed it would increase
support for his reign.
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!
"Charge for the guns!" he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred…
Allies, concentrated efforts to take the Russian
fortress in Crimea. Famous charge of the light
brigade, British soldiers charged and were mowed
down by cannon fire. 195 out of 700 survived.
Eventually the allies triumphed.
The Crimean War [18541856]
Treaty of Paris [1856]
 Russian had to return land to the Turks.
 No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the
Black Sea.
 Russians had to renounce their claim as
protector of the Orthodox Christians in
the Ottoman Empire.
 All the major powers agreed to respect
the political integrity of the Ottoman
Empire.
• During the generation after the Reform Bill
of 1832, further demands for reform
mounted.
• Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative leader in
the House of Commons, pushed for a new
reform bill.
• Reform Bill of 1867 passed- vote extended
to most of the urban workers.
• William Gladstone became Prime Minister
in 1868-1874. Began his “Great Ministry.”
– Competitive examinations for civil service.
– Education Bill of 1870 (helped create a more
literate electorate)
– 1871 Workers gained the right to organize
unions
– Gladstone still opposed government interference
in the economy.
• In 1874 Conservatives won the House of Commons and
Disraeli became the Prime Minister until 1880 and then from
1881-1885
– Promoted Tory democracy, designed to benefit the working class and
gain support for his party.
– Less committed to laissez faire than the liberals. Laws in 1875
increased government’s role in economic affairs.
– Factory Act extended earlier legislation regulating working conditions.
– Public Health Act expanded the role of the state in urban sanitation.
– Artisans’ Dwellings Act authorized the clearing out of slums and the
construction of public housing.
– Reform Bill of 1884 gave the right to vote to farmers.
• In the late 19th century, the Labor Party formed in Britain and
eventually replaced the liberals as one of the 2 major political
parties in Great Britain.
• In the years after 1905 though, the Liberals were in charge
and enacted several reforms
– Workmen’s Compensation act- expands aid to workers injured on the
job
– Old Age Pensions- provided state support pensions for low income
citizens over 70
– Parliament Act of 1911- House of Lord’s was refusing to pass a
budget bill, the “people’s budget” so this made it so they couldn’t
refuse to pass a money bill, or prevent other laws from passing that the
House of Commons passes three times in 2 years.
• This act weakens the power of the House of Lords, moving Britain closer towards a
full political democracy.
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Austrian Imperial Flag
After the revolutions of 1848-1849, they restored centralized autocratic
government to the empire. Only lasting effect was the freeing of the Serfs.
Emperor Franz Josef I
[r. 1848-1916]
The Compromise of 1867:
The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
• Austrians and Hungarians reached the
Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867.
• Created a dual monarchy- each part
has its own constitution, parliament
and capital.
• They had a common king, army,
foreign policy and system of finances.
• It did not satisfy the minorities living in
the empire, it just allowed the Austrians
and the Hungarians to dominate them
(Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs,
Slovaks…)
• This problem persists until the empire
dissolves at the end of WW1.
The Hungarian Flag
Russian Imperial Flag
Nicholas I
[r. 1825-1855]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!
Alexander II
Defeat in the Crimean
War.
Emancipation of the
Russian serfs [18611863].
Created Zemstvosunable to control the
forces he released
with his reform
program. They wanted
more rapid change.
Russification
[r. 1855-1881]
Russian Expansion
• During Alexander II, Russia continued its expansionist
polices in Serbia and Central Asia. He extended Russian’s
control over all of central Asia and Afghanistan.
• Brutally crushed the Polish revolt and began the
Russification of the country.
Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]
Reactionary.
Slavophile.
“Russification” program.
Jews  forced migration
to the Pale
Succeeded by his weak
son, Nicholas II
Russian Expansion
The
Pale
Forced Migration of Russia’s
Jews
The Ottoman Empire -- Late
19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”