Transcript mellor ch 22 power pointx

Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,
1850 - 1871
Timeline
The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd
Napoleonic Empire
• Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
– National Assembly rejected his call for revision of
constitution to allow him to stand for reelection
– Responded by seizing government by force
– Restored universal male suffrage and asked that the
empire be restored
• How does this call for voting rights seem on the outside like a
call for liberalism but is more a way to solidify power for
himself
– Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852
• 7.5 million to 640 thousand won the election
The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd
Napoleonic Empire
• The Second Napoleonic Empire
– Authoritarian government
– Early domestic policies
• Economic prosperity
–
–
–
–
–
Used government resources to stimulate the economy
Built Railroads canals and harbors
Tripled France’s iron production
Improved social Welfare-- Free Medicine and Healthcare
Improved Housing
• Reconstruction of Paris
– Baron Haussmann
» Took down Medieval Paris and Modernized the streets and
buildings
» http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5cvAJcPBlk
– Liberalization of the regime in the face of opposition
• Allowed Unions and allowed strikes
• Moved away from Laissez-faire
Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
• Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in
struggle between Mexican liberals and
conservatives
• French forces remained after order had been
restored
• Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as
emperor in 1864
• Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867
New Period After Failed Revolutions
• REALPOLITIK
– Governing by practical means
• Achieve goals step by step in logical order
– Do what is necessary to achieve its goals
– Ending the romantic era
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Russia
[claimed
protectorship over
the Orthodox
Christians in the
Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
Foreign policy: Crimean War
• The Ottoman Empire
– Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
• Encroachment of the Russian Empire
• Loss of territory
• The War
– Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to
the French)
– Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia
– Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
– Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
– Destroys the Concert of Europe
– War ends in March, 1856
– Political effects of the war
Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman Empire
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Tactics remain the same despite technology changing. Charging into the fire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=uzCOL6ewpPw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
aKchwAWMpDA
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!
"Charge for the guns!" he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized
poem of the battle
by Alfred Lord
Tennyson
Results of the Crimean War
• 1) Russia gives up all claims
to land they tried to gain
along the Danube River
• 2) The Mouth of the
Danube is free for everyone
can use it… Gowes a long
way into Europe
• 3) Russia had to give up its
claim to the protectorship
of the Orthodox faith in the
Ottoman Empire
• 4) 1841– No War Ship
allowed on the Black Sea
– Means Russia cant use any
warm water Harbor in the
Black Sea– Russia Stuck 
Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]
“The Lady with
the Lamp”
Starts Red Cross
Treaty of Paris [1856]
 Give up trade on Danube River
 No Russian or Ottoman naval forces
on the Black Sea.
 Claims to Moldavia and Wallachia
(later known as Romania)
 All the major powers agreed to
respect the political integrity of the
Ottoman Empire.
 Black Sea Neutral (no military ships)
Quick and Dirty Crimean War
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1yrAVPA
Lxw
Review
• Who is included in the Concert of Europe
• Which empire was on decline and the other
powers wanted to get the pieces
• What was Russia’s pretext for moving in?
• Why did France and Britain intervene?
• What women helped lead to better sanitary
care for wounded
Crimean War
Political effects of the war
• Russia Defeat sends them into decades of
isolation
• Russia and Austria have tensions over their
unwillingness to side with Russia
• Britain disillusioned by the war withdraws
from continental issues
• Austria left without friends
• Helps lead to unification in Italy and
Germany
National Unification: Italy
• Kingdom of Piedmont
– Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) of Kingdom of
Piedmont
– Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
– Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858
– War with Austria, 1859
– Northern states join Piedmont
• Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)
– The Red Shirts
– Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicily's, 1860
• Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861
• Annexation of Venetia, 1866
• Annexation of Rome, 1870
Realpolitik
• Political Movement after 1848
• The idea that you can accomplish your
political goals via practical means rather than
having idealism drive political decisions
• Came from ideas of Machiavellian – not
romantics
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The
“Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy
Cavour and Napoleon III
Cavour
• Piedmont would extend into
the kingdom of upper Italy
• Add Lombard, Venetia,
Parma, Modena and Part of
the Papal States
Napoleon III
• Would alley with Piedmont
to drive out Austrians from
Italy
• Receive Nice and Savoy
• Kingdom of Central Italy
would go to Napoleon III’s
cousin who would marry
King Emmanuel’s daughter
•
Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy
The War begins
• Piedmont provokes Austria
• French win battles against Austria and then
declare a peace “prematurely” and without
consulting Cavour
– Why
• The War seemed more difficult than anticipated
• Prussians were likely to aid Austria
• Turns out OKAY as other Italian states join the
unification movement and the Piedmont
Garabaldi
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The
“Sword”]
Garibaldi Defends Rome
Against the French, (April 30,
1849)
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Italian unification
movement:
Risorgimento
[“Resurgence”]
Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:
1820-1821
“Coalmen.”
Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops
to the Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?
Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,
1859
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War,
1866
Austria loses
control of
Venetia.
Venetia is
annexed to
Italy.
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red
Shirts” Unite
with Cavour
Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 to go to the FrancoPrussian War
Italy is
united!
A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary
British cartoon,
entitled "Right
Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi helping
Victor Emmanuel
put on the
Italian boot.
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
National Unification: Germany
• William I, 1861-1888
• Wanted military reforms
• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
– Reorganization of the army
– Realpolitik
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Danish War (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein
Joint administration with Austria
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
North German Confederation
Military agreements with Prussia
German Unifcation
• Unifs under the Hohzollerns
• During period fter 1815 Prussia emerged as an
alternative to a Habsburg-based Germany
Zollverein
• German Customs union
• Created in 1834-leads to signidicant industrial
growth
• Biggest source of tension between Prussia and
Austria
• It excluded Austria
• 1853– all German states except Austria are part
of Zollverein
• Created a basis for a German state without
Austria
Zollverein, 1834
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Question is how to Unite the German
Principalities?
• Kleinsdeutch vs. Grossdeutch
– Grossdeutch
• Failed plan for unifed Germany which included Prussia
and Austria
– Kleinsdeutch
• A unified Germany without Austria
Kaiser Wilhelm I
• “Gap theory” gained Bismarck’s favor with the
king.
– Army Bill Crises cretaed stalemate between king and
legislature over reforms of the army
– Bismarck insisted Prussian Constution contained a
“gap”
• Constitution doesn’t say what should happen if there is a
stalemates
• Since the king had granted the consitution,
• Bismarck insisted if its not stated the
• legislature should follow the king’s will
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron
Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood
&
Iron”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
The less people know about how
sausages and laws are made, the
better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has
been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not
be settled by speeches and majority
decisions—that was the mistake of
1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
I am bored. The great things are
done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating
is always followed by a generation that
deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the
Balkans will provoke the next war.
The
German
Confederation
Step #1:
The PrussianDanish War
[1864]
The Peace of
Vienna
Step #2: Austro-Prussian
War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Prussia
Peru
Austria
Disputes over Schleswig - Holstein
Why Only 7 Weeks?
• Prussia had already been building up their army and had not
been fighting in other areas
• Austria had divided military units multination state (didn’t trust
each other) and not centralized like Prussian Army
• Prussian breach loading rifle 5 per minute versus 1 per 2 min
• Prussia developed Railroads to transport troops sooner
• Prussians have 450,000 versus Austria 260,000 soldiers
How to Settle the conflict
1. No Reparations
2. Austria-- only lost Venetia to Italy as prommised
Northern German Confederation
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted
Prince Leopold von Hohenz.
[a cousin to the Kaiser & a
Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm
to the French Ambassador to make it seem as
though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
•
•
•
•
•
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
Southern German states join Northern German
Confederation
• William I proclaimed Kaiser, January 8, 1871,
of the Second German Empire
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I
[r. 1871–1888]
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was
replaced by the Third French Empire.
The Italians took Rome and made it their
capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in
defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that
ended the Crimean War].
------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was
occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a
region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing
textile industry].
Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany
German
Imperial Flag
German for “Empire.”
Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]
“Dropping
the
Pilot”
[1890]
Map 22.4: Europe in 1871
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual
Monarchy
• Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
–
–
–
–
–
Creates a dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Other minorities
Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual
Monarchy
Austrian Imperial Flag
Emperor Franz Josef I
[r. 1848-1916]
The Compromise of 1867:
The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
Imperial Russia
• Alexander II, 1855-1881
– Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
– Problems with emancipation
– Zemstvos (local assemblies)
– Growing dissatisfaction
– Assassination of Alexander II (1881)
– Alexander III (1881-1894)
• Return to traditional methods of repression
Russian Imperial Flag
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire
Nicholas I
[r. 1825-1855]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!
Alexander II
Defeat in the
Crimean War.
Emancipation
of the Russian
serfs [18611863].
[r. 1855-1881]
Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]
Reactionary.
Slavophile.
“Russification”
program.
Jews  forced
migration to
the Pale
Russian Expansion
The
Pale
Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
• Did not experience revolts in 1848
– Reforms
– Economic growth
• Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
• Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
– Extension of voting rights
– Reform Act, 1867
• William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)
– Liberal reforms
– Education Act of 1870
Britain: 1850-1870s
* The most prosperous period in
British history.
 Unprecedented economic growth.
 Heyday of free trade.
 New fields of expansion 
shipbuilding from wood to iron.
 By 1870, Britain’s carrying trade
enjoyed a virtual monopoly.
 Br. engineers were building RRs all
over the world.
 Br.’s foreign holdings nearly
doubled.
* BUT, Britain’s prosperity didn't’t
The “Victorian Compromise”
* Both Tories and Whigs had considered
the 1832 Reform Bill as the FINAL
political reform.
* Therefore, the aims of the two political
parties seemed indistinguishable.
* But, by the 1860s, the middle class and
working class had grown  they wanted
the franchise expanded!
* This era saw the realignment of political
parties in the House of Commons:
 Tory Party  Conservative Party
under Benjamin Disraeli.
 Whig Party  Liberal Party under
William Gladstone.
The Two “Great Men”
* Benjamin Disraeli,
Conservative Prime
Minister
 1868
 1874-1880
* William Gladstone,
Liberal Prime
Minister
 1868-1874
 1880-1885
 1886
 1892-1894
The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867
*
*
In 1866,
Gladstone
introduced a
moderate reform
bill that was
defeated by the
Conservatives.
A more radical
reform bill was
introduced by
Disraeli in 1867,
passed largely
with some
Liberal support.
The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867
* Disraeli’s Goals:
 Give the Conservative Party control over
the reform process.
 Labor would be grateful and vote
Conservative.
* Components of the Bill:
 Extended the franchise by 938,427  an
increase of 88%.
 Vote given to male householders and male
lodgers paying at least £10 for room.
 Eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer
than 10,000 inhabitants.
 Extra representation in Parliament to
larger cities like Liverpool & Manchester.
* This ended the “Victorian Compromise.”
The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
* A dandy and a
*
*
*
*
romance novelist.
A brilliant debater.
Baptized by his
father into the
Anglican Church.
BUT, he was the
first & only Prime
Minister of Jewish
parentage.
A strong imperialist.
 “Greater England”
foreign policy.
* Respected by Queen
Victoria.
William Gladstone (1809-1898)
* An active
*
*
*
*
*
legislator and
reformer.
Known for his
populist speeches.
Could be preachy.
Queen Victoria
couldn't’t stand
him.
Tried to deal with
the “Irish
Question.”
Supported a
“Little England”
foreign policy.
Gladstone’s 1st Ministry
 Goals: [“Gladstonianism”]
1. Decrease public spending.
2. Reform laws that prevented people
from acting freely to improve
themselves.
 He’s against privilege &
supports a meritocracy.
 Protect democracy through
education.
3. Promote peace abroad to help
reduce spending and taxation, and
to help enhance trade.
 Low tariffs.
 All political questions are moral
questions!
Gladstone’s 1st Ministry
 Accomplishments:
 1868: Army reform  peacetime




flogging was illegal.
1869: Disestablishment Act  Irish
Catholics did not have to pay taxes to
support the Anglican Church in Ireland.
1870: Education Act  elementary
education made available to Welsh &
English children between 5-13 years.
1870: Irish Land Act  curtailed
absentee Protestant landowners from
evicting their Irish Catholic tenants
without compensation.
1871: University Test Act  nonAnglicans could attend Br. universities.
Gladstone’s 1st Ministry
 Accomplishments (con’t.):
 1872: Ballot Act  secret ballot



for local and general elections.
1872: The settlement of the CSS
Alabama claims [from the American
Civil War] in America’s favor.
1873: Legislation was passed that
restructured the High Courts.
Civil service exams introduced for
many government positions.
Disraeli’s 2nd Ministry
 Accomplishments:
 Domestic Policy
 1875: Artisans Dwelling Act  govt.
would define minimum housing
standards.
 1875: Public Health Act  govt. to
create a modern sewer system in the
big cities & establish a sanitary code.
 1875: Pure Food & Drug Act.
 1875: Climbing Boys Act  licenses
only given to adult chimney sweeps.
 1875: Conspiracy & Protection of
Property Act  allowed peaceful
picketing.
Disraeli’s 2nd Ministry
 Accomplishments:
 Domestic Policy
 1876: Education Act
 1878: Employers & Workmen Act 
allowed workers to sue employers in
civil courts if they
broke legal contracts.
Gladstone’s 2nd Ministry
 Accomplishments:
 Domestic Policy
 1884 Reform Bill
 Extended the franchise to
agricultural laborers.
 Gave the counties the same
franchise as the boroughs.
 Added 6,000,000 to the total
number who could vote in
parliamentary elections.
 1885: Redistribution of Seats
Act  changes M.P. seats in
Commons to reflect new
demographic changes.
Gladstone’s Last Ministries
 3rd Ministry: 1886
 First introduced an Irish Home
Rule Bill.
 This issue split the Liberal Party.
 Gladstone lost his position in a few
months.
 4th Ministry: 1892-1894
 1893: Reintroduced a Home Rule
Bill.
 Provided for an Irish Parliament.
 Did NOT offer Ireland
independence!
 Passed by the Commons, but
rejected in the House of Lords.
Women’s Social &
Political Union [W.S.P.U.]
The Foreign Policy Debate
“Little
England”
Policy
*
*
*
*
Gladstone.
Liberal Party.
England must
invest in her own
people at home.
Try negotiations,
rather than
costly military
solutions.
“Big England”
Policy
*
*
*
*
Disraeli
Conservative
Party
England must be
the greatest
colonial power.
Spend £ on
supporting the
empire.
Industrialization on the Continent
• Continental industrialization comes of age
(1850 – 1871)
• Mechanization of textile and cotton industries
• Growth of iron industries
• Elimination of trade barriers
• Government support and financing
Marx and Marxism
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (18201895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
– History is the history of class struggle
– Stages of history
– End result of history is a classless society
• After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London
– Marx, Das Kapital
• International Working Men’s Association, 1864
– Internal problems
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Friedrich
Engels
A New Age of Science
• Development of the steam engine led to
science of relationship between heat and
mechanical energy
• Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
• Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
• Michael Faraday – generator
• Science and Materialism
Charles Darwin and the Theory of
Organic Evolution
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
– On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, 1859
• All plants and animals have evolved over a long period
of time
• Those who survived had adapted to the environment
– The Descent of Man, 1871
– Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted
A Revolution in Health Care
• Pasteur and Germs
• New Surgical Practices
– Joseph Lister
• New Public Health Care Measures
– Public hygiene
• New Medical Schools
• Women and Medical Schools
– Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)
Science and the Study of Society
• Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)
– System of Positive Philosophy
– Positive knowledge
– Primacy of sociology
Realism in Literature and Art
• The Realistic Novel
–
–
–
–
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
• Realism in Art
– Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• Portrayal of everyday life
– Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)
• Scenes from rural life
Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
• Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886)
– New German School
• Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)
– Development of a national opera
– Ring of the Nibelung
Discussion Questions
• How did the Crimean War differ from previous
European wars?
• What role did liberalism play in the unification of
Italy?
• How did Bismarck use war as a tool of national
unification?
• What were the goals the realist writers? Why did they
reject Romanticism?
• How did nationalism shape the music of Liszt and
Wagner?
Web Links
•
•
•
•
•
•
France: Second Republic
Crimean War Society
Italian Unification: Primary Sources
German Unification: Primary Sources
Atlas of the German Empire
The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities
in the American Civil War