Transcript Holy Roman Emperor (814-840) - Italian American Society of Tulsa

Roman Empire 1000BC up to 500AD
Italy was intact for nearly 1500 years.
It was under the influence of the
Romans and Etruscans starting around
1000 B.C.
In 476 A.D. a german tribe led by Odoacer
invaded Italy and deposed the Roman
emperor Romulus Augustus. Italy begins
a long period as a divided country
governed by foreign rulers.
The German Ostrogoths
Justinian, the Byzantine
emperor
There is the invasion of the German
Ostrogoths. Then Justinian, the Byzantine
emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire,
kicks out the Germans.
They in turn were
invaded by the German
Lombard’s. Thru all the
turmoil the popes had
a continuous sphere of
influence around
Rome. They
successfully opposed
the Lombard’s from
taking Rome for around
200 years.
Pepin the Short
Charlemagne
Pope Leo III
The popes finally drove the Lombard’s out with the help
of two Frankish kings, Pepin the Short and Charlemagne.
The Frankish Empire contained present day France and
Germany.
Charlemagne was crowned emperor of what is known as
the Holy Roman Empire in 800 A.D. by Pope Leo III.
Maps of Italian Unification 1858-1870
The popes
established their
own political role
in the central part
of the peninsula
called the Papal
States
Charlemagne’s son Louis I
took over after his death.
Louis I divided the empire
among his four sons who
fought constantly against
each other for more
territory.
Emperor Louis I The Pious (778-840)
Holy Roman Emperor (814-840)
Otto the Great
Battles for control of Italy continued until Otto
the Great came to the aid of the Pope.
He was king of Germany at that time and was
married to the widow of an Italian king.
The Pope had appealed to Otto for help during
an uprising in Rome.
He obliged, crossed the Alps and put down the
uprising.
For his help, the Pope crowned Otto Emperor
of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 A.D.
The empire stretched from northern Italy thru
the Kingdom of Germany to the Kingdom of
Denmark.
In 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte’s French army started driving
out the Austrians. He drove out the Hapsburg one by one
and set up Italian republics. He set himself up as emperor
in 1804.
But this didn't last long, the combined forces of Austria,
Britain, Prussia and Russia defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
in 1815.
Together these countries formed the Congress of Vienna.
Maps of Italian Unification 1858-1870 They in turn split up Italy,
returning the land, in most
cases, to its former rulers.
In the northwest, the Royal
House of Savoy was given
Piedmont and Sardinia, called
the Kingdom of Sardinia. (1)
Naples and Sicily were placed
under the French Bourbons. (8)
The kingdom of the two Sicilies.
The Papal States were returned
to the Pope. (7)
Parma, Modena and Tuscany
were re-established with the
Austrian dukes. (4) (5) (6)
By the 1820’s, a secret organization of
lawyers, professors, liberal noblemen and
middle class intellectuals was formed. They
called the organization the “Carbonari” (Coal
Burners).
Slide 5
Giuseppe Mazzini was one of the leaders who
made many unsuccessful revolts against the
local Austrian rulers. He was exiled for 18
years for his part in the revolts.
Giuseppe Mazzini
1805-1872
How ever this didn’t stop him. While in exile,
he organized “La Giovine Italia” (Young Italy).
The organization was dedicated for Italian
unity.
Mazzini was dedicated to unifying Italy as a
republic. He believed this could be
accomplished through a popular uprising.
Garibaldi met Mazzini in 1833 and became
one of his followers.
In 1834 he participated with Mazzini in the
failed insurrection of Austrian held Piedmont
(Sardinia).
Garibaldi fled to Brazil when he was
sentenced to death for his participation in
the insurrection.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
He won fame fighting for the Brazilian state
of Rio Grande Do Sul.
Fighting with the Brazilian rebels offered him
the opportunity to learn about guerilla
warfare.
This came in handy when he invaded Sicily.
Maps 1858-1870
In 1848 revolutions broke out in Austria,
France, many German cities and every
major Italian city.
The King of Sardinia and the King of
Naples granted a constitution to their
people. (1)
Garibaldi and the citizens of Milan
(Lombardy) drove the Austrian army
out. (2)
A republic was established in Tuscany.
(6)
Venice declared itself a republic. (3)
But the new governments were too
divided and inexperienced to hold on
against Austria.
Austria put down the new governments
in 1849.
The Kingdom of Sardinia was defeated.
(1)
King Albert gave up his throne in favor of
his son Victor Emmanuel II.
Victor Emmanuel II
Sardinia kept its constitution and tricolored flag, a symbol of Italian
patriotism.
Austria now had control of Italy by the
end of 1849.
Garibaldi, who had command of the
defense of Rome, was defeated by the
French troops coming to the aid of the
Pope.
It got to the point where many Italians realized they had
to expel the Austrians if they were ever going to get real
reform.
Most Italians made national unity under the King of
Sardinia their goal.
This was at odds with Mazzini who wanted a republic.
Count Camillo di Cavour, the Prime Minister of Sardinia,
arranged a secret defense agreement with Napoleon III of
France. Slide 8
Count Camillo Benso di
Cavour 1810-1861
Austria feared its hold on Italy was weakening and
declared war on Sardinia in 1859.
The French, because of the defense agreement, came to
Sardinia’s aid. Garibaldi, who was back in Italy again, also
helped in pushing the Austrians eastward almost to
Venice. France was given Savoy and Nice for there help
Garibaldi And Victor Emmanuel
"Right Leg in the Boot at Last"