Transcript File - World Civilization I

Age of Nation-States
Nineteenth Century in the West
World View
• Liberalism & Nationalism ultimately
suffered defeat in 1848.
• Conservative regimes ruled the
Continent.
• But nationalists and liberals did not
go away.
Crimean War
• 1853-1856- rooted in Russia’s long
standing desire to control lands in
the Ottoman Empire.
• Russia entered the provinces of
Moldavia & Walachia in 1853.
• The Ottoman Empire declared war
on Russia.
War Results
• Britain & France formed an alliance
with the Ottomans, March 1854.
• Prussia & Austria remained neutral.
• Treaty of Paris: March 1856
- Russia surrender lands in Danube
- Neutrality of the Black Sea
Italian Unification
• Nationalism in Italy began in 1820s
- Carbonari - Charcoal Burners
- G. Mazzini “ On Nationality”
- Romantic Republicanism
• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
- used guerilla warfare
- 1848-49 failed attempt
Republic of 1849
• La Traviata (1852), in
many ways, was
Verdi’s longing for the
failed Republic.
• What did you think
about the music?
• The storyline
(synopsis) ?
Camillo Cavour
• 1810-1861
• Prime Minister of
Piedmont
• Rejected
republicanism
• Favored
Constitutional
Monarchy.
Real Politik
• Cavour was a realist and businessman, who
did not possess fuzzy romantic yearnings
like Mazzini and Garabaldi
• Economic concerns push for National
Identity.
• 1855, Piedmont enters the Crimean War to
gain support of Napoleon III.
Forging an Italian State
• In 1858-59, Count Cavour worked
closely with Victor Emmanuel II and
Napoleon III to defeat Austria.
• In 1860, Piedmontese met
Garibaldi’s campaign and Italy
became one unified country.
Victor Emmanuel II
• In March 1861,
Victor Emmanuel
became the King of
Italy.
• Cavour died 3
months later
• Constitutional
Monarchy.
Problems
• A palpable difference in the economies of
north (industrial/commercial) and south
(rural) Italy.
• Transformismo – Cavour’s policy of Real
Politik was useful but corrupt.
• Italia irredenta – many Italian states, such
as Trieste remained under Austrian control.
German Unification
• In 1858, Frederick William IV went
insane and his brother William I
assumed the throne.
• 1862, William I appointed Otto Von
Bismarck as Prime Minister.
• Between 1864-71 Bismarck led a
series of campaigns to unite German.
Otto von Bismarck
1815-1898
The Fatherland
• Bismark, like Cavour, approached
unification through a conservative medium.
• He was pragmatic and urged Prussian
Liberals/Nationalists to trust ‘power and
action’.
• Liberal opposition forced him to create the
image of the “the Fatherland”
Art of Diplomacy
• Bismarck pursued a kleindeutsch or
small German solution to unification
• The Danish War - 1864
• The Austro-Prussian War – 1866
• North German Confederation - 1867
• Bundesrat and Reichstag
Franco-Prussian War 1870-71
• Bismark’s last step in completing
unification was ceding southern German
States.
• Spain gave Germany an excuse for war with
France. Spain deposed Queen Isabella and
chose Leopold Hohenzollern as the King.
• Ems Dispatch
German Empire
• Battle of Sedan, Germany defeated
France captures Napoleon III.
• After defeating the French in 1870,
Bismarck declared the Second Reich
• The unification of Germany will
prove to be a chief cause in WWI.
Salut a la France
• Napoleon III had a lot of good ideas for
France.
• 1850- Falloux Law, which returned
control of all schools to Churches.
• 1856- Hired Baron Haussman to revamp
the city of Paris
• National Bank – Credit Mobilier and
Credit Foncier
Empire Falls
• France was on the decline shortly
after Napoleon III seized France.
• The Second Empire was broken into
two factions:
- 1851-60: Authoritarian Empire
- 1860-71: Liberal Empire
The Downfall
• By 1860, Napoleon III modified his
policy to allow more liberal control
- Free Trade with Britain
- Legislature Debate
- relaxed press laws
External Pressures
• 1861-67 supported a military
expedition in Mexico that went awry.
• 1866-71 Prussia reorganized
German affairs under Bismarck.
• 1871 Battle of Sedan - Empire Folds!
Might makes Right!
• The Franco-Prussian War brought
down the Second Empire.
• Treaty of Frankfurt 1871
• Annexation of Alsace & Lorraine
Paris Commune
• In March of 1871, several socialists
formed a commune and stormed
Paris.
• Separated Paris from the rest of
France
• Not happy with the National
Assembly.
Political Struggle
• The Paris Commune did not last long.
• National Assembly took over and politically
France was spilt.
- Monarchists
- Republicans
- Socialists
• Adolphe Thiers became the acting president in
1871.
The Third Republic
• The majority of the Assembly favored
monarchy, but disagreed over dynasty.
– Bourbon: Comte de Chambord
– Orleans: Comte de Paris
• 1871-73: Assembly voted on a Republic
with a president, a two-chamber parliament,
and council of ministers, headed by a
premier.
Republicanism
• Adolphe Thiers and Leon Gambetta,
although largely different political
goals helped secure the Republic 18711873
• 1873-79: President Marshall
MacMahon.
Stages of the
rd
3
Republic
• 1st Stage: Monarchist Republic 1871-79
• 2nd Stage: Opportunist Republic 1879-99
• 3rd Stage: Radical Republic 1899-1914
De Lesseps Scandal
• Began to build the
Panama Canal in
1881 but the terrain
and climate differed
greatly.
• Company bribed
government
employees, but went
bankrupt.
Boulanger Affair
• 1886 – General
Georges gave
speeches about
recapturing Alsace
and Lorraine.
• Elected Chamber of
Deputies 1889, but
was threatened with
treason.
The Dreyfus Affair
• Alfred Dreyfus
1859-1935
• 1894 - accused of
selling military
secrets to
Germany
• Anti-Semitism
Conspiracy
• In 1896, Lt. Col. Picquart discovered that
the handwriting was not Dreyfus’ but a
major in the French Military F. Esterhazy.
• Another trail and despite the evidence,
Esterhazy found innocent, Dreyfus further
accused.
• Information continues to leak, splits country
– Radicals vs. Conservatives
The Habsburg Empire
• The most diversified Empire in
Europe following the 1848
revolutions.
• Nationalists Groups:
- Croats, Slovaks, Germans, Hungarians,
Poles, Romanians, and Czechs
Post 1848
• Francis Joseph reasserted
absolutism after 1848 and
implemented reforms.
- Reichsrat - parliament
- Ausgleich - Compromise of
1867, which established dual
monarchy… Austro-Hungry Empire
Nationalism
• Language became a huge factor in defining a
“Nation”
• Many other national groups in the Habsburg
opposed the Ausgleich
– Czechs of Bohemia called for “Trialism”
• “The theory of nationality…is a retrograde
step in history…”
~ Lord Acton
Russian Empire
• In many ways, Russia was a
backward-looking Empire.
• Defeat in the Crimean War led to
several reforms in the Empire.
• Repression and Revolution
Tsar Alexander II
• R. 1855-1881
• Tsar Liberator
• Reforms from the
top-down
• Reactionary
Autocracy…like
Peter the Great
Reforms
•
•
•
•
Abolition of Serfdom- 1861
- serfs had to work off debt
Local Government & Law - 1864
- zemstovs & judicial systems
Military Reform - 1860-80
- lowered service from 25 to 15 years
Russification of Poland: 1863
Revolutionaries
• Tsarist Russia would not go without
critics and opposition.
• Alexander Herzen - Populism
- Social revolution based on the
communal life of Russian peasants.
• 1870 - Radicals appear in Russia
Radicalism
• In January 1878, Vera Zasulich attempted to
assassinate the military governor of St.
Petersburg, which sparked a wave of
terrorism.
• Zasulich was acquitted, but the verdict
encouraged other terrorists.
Political Activism
• 1879 Land and Freedom splits
- education of peasants
- Peoples Will overthrowing the
autocracy
• March 1, 1881 – assassinated Tsar
Alexander II.
Tsar Alexander III
• R. 1881-1894
• Rolled back his
father’s reforms
• Secret police
• Autocracy and
Repressive politics
Democracy in Britian
• The site of the Great Exposition of
1851 epitomized the Victorian Age.
• Housed some 13,000 exhibits.
• Celebration of Industry and
Pretension.
Two-Party Democracy
• Tory Party – Conservatives
- led by Benjamin Disraeli
- Queen Victoria adored him
• Whig Party – Liberal
- led by William Gladstone
- Queen Victoria disliked him
The Reform Bill of 1867
• Extended the vote to male “heads of
households.”
• Large number of male working-class
voters added to the electorate.
• Voters increased about 1million
William Gladstone
• Prime Minister
1868-1874 and
1880-1886
• The Great
Reformer
• Education Act
1870
• Ballot Act of 1872
• Irish Home Rule
Benjamin Disraeli
• Prime Minster
1874-1880
• Conservative
Social Reform
• Public Health Act
of 1875
• Artisan Dwelling
Act of 1875