Transcript AP World History Chapter 22

AP World History
Chapter 23
The
Emergence of
Industrial
Society in the
West
1750-1914
The Encyclopedia
• 28 volumes on all type of learning.
– Philosophy.
– Government.
– Engineering.
– Science.
– Medicine.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
• He believed that people in their natural state
were basically good.
• He taught that the government had a social
contract with its people.
• Woven through his work is a profound hate of
political and economic oppression.
The Social Contract
Voltaire
“My trade is to say what I think”
• He targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats
with his pen.
• He battled inequality, injustice, and superstition.
• He detested the slave trade and religious
prejudice.
Montesquieu
• He taught that separation of power in the
government could protect against tyranny.
• He broke government into three separate
branches.
– Legislative.
– Executive.
– Judicial.
The Spirit of the Laws
Thomas Hobbes
• He argued that people were naturally
cruel, greedy, and selfish.
• If not strictly controlled, they would fight,
rob and oppress one another.
Leviathan
John Locke
• People were basically reasonable and
moral.
• People had natural rights.
• People formed governments to protect
their natural rights.
Two Treatises of Government
Laissez Fair Economics
• Physiocrats rejected government control.
• Limited government involvement on
business would help business.
• Wealth was not found in gold or silver but
in making land productive.
• Machines, lumber, mining, and free trade.
Adam Smith
• He argued that the free market should regulate
business.
• Wherever there is a demand for goods or
service, suppliers will seek to meet it.
• Supply side economics dominated countries
during the industrial age.
The Wealth of Nations
America
The Declaration of Independence
• The Congress sent an Olive Branch Petition to
King George III of England. This petition, written
by moderates, expressed the colonists’ loyalty to
the king and requested a halt in fighting until a
solution could be found. The king refused the
petition.
June 1776
• In June 1776, after more than a year of war, the
Congress decided it was time for the colonies to
cut ties with Britain. They prepared a statement of
the reasons for separation—a Declaration of
Independence. Drafted Thomas Jefferson.
Drafting a Declaration
• Thomas Jefferson’s political ideas were influenced by the
Enlightenment, an eighteenth-century European movement that
emphasized science and reason as keys to improving society.
• Jefferson divided the Declaration into four sections:
– The preamble, or introduction, explained the Declaration’s purpose.
– In the declaration of rights, Jefferson drew heavily on the writings of
John Locke. People have natural rights—rights that belong to them
simply because they are human. Jefferson called these unalienable
rights.
– In the complaints against the king, Jefferson wrote that public
officials must make decisions based on the law, not on their own
personal wishes. He called this a rule of law.
– The resolution, in declaring the colonies free and independent
states, concluded the Declaration.
• Jefferson’s document not only declared the nation’s independence, it
also defined the basic principles on which American government and
society would rest.
• Congressional delegates voted to approve the Declaration on July 4,
1776.
The Foundations of Democracy
“Remember the Ladies”
• In the 1770s, John Adams was one of the leaders of the opposition
to British rule. His wife, Abigail Adams, expressed her opinions
about independence in a letter to him.
• In this letter Abigail asked John to “Remember the Ladies” in the
new code of law. She asked him not to put unlimited power in the
hands of husbands.
• Her complaints about the status of women in the society employed
the same ideas that men were using in their fight against Great
Britain. Abigail suggested that it was time to rethink the relationship
between men and women.
• Earlier in the same letter, Abigail raised the issue of slavery. She
felt it contradictory for the delegates to speak of liberty for
themselves and not for all. However, John felt that the question of
slavery would divide the delegates when unity was most crucial for
success.
• The questions raised by Abigail Adams, of liberty and equality for all
people, were very important. However, John Adams believed that it
was more important to win the war than to engage in a debate about
liberty for all.
France
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Natural Rights
– Liberty.
– Property.
– Security.
• Equality before the law, due process,
freedom of speech, and religion.
• Free to do anything that was not injurious
to another.
Principles
Principles
• Serfdom abolished
• Equality for men
• End to aristocratic privilege
• Church privilege ended
• Elective parliament
Collapse of the Revolution
• It degenerated into the excesses of mobocracy
and, ultimately tyranny.
• French were ruled by organized terror.
• 40,000 people were executed not for crimes
but for being nobles.
The Napoleonic Code
• Napoleon wrote a series of laws that gave
rights to the people.
• Equality of all citizens.
• Religious Toleration.
• Advancement based on Merit.
Wars of Napoleon by 1812
• Napoleon defeated the Austrians and the
Russians in Austria.
• Napoleon signed a peace treaty with
Austria.
• Napoleon then defeats the Prussians and
they sign a peace treaty.
• Napoleon then defeats the Russians again
and they sign a peace treaty.
Napoleon attacks Spain
• The Spanish used guerrilla warfare against
Napoleon.
• The Spanish would not give direct battle.
War in Russia
• Napoleon invades Russia because they
started to trade with England.
• Took the capital of Russia, Moscow.
• 600,000 men invaded Russia only 93,000
made it out.
• Russia, England, and Prussia invaded the
empire.
Napoleon in Exile
• He abdicated his throne.
• Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba.
• Napoleon escaped from his exile and
returned to France.
• Citizens cheered as he took control of
Paris.
The Battle of Waterloo
• The Allies of Russia, Prussia, and England
gathered to fight Napoleon at Waterloo.
• Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo and
was forced into exile again.
• He died in exile on St Helena in the
Atlantic 1821.
Legacy of Napoleon
• He brought new codes of law to Europe
and brought enlightenment to a continent
full of Despotic Monarchs.
Nelson at Sea
Wellington on Land
Revolutions of 1848
Lower classes
• Political action
Britain accommodates demands
Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary
France, 1848, monarch overthrown
Goals
• Liberal constitutions
• Social reform
• End of serfdom
• Women’s rights
• Ethnic demands
What is Nationalism?
• Nationalism is pride in ones nation. Often
mixed with racism and a belief that their
country and ethnicity were superior.
Germany & Otto Von Bismarck
“The great questions of the day are not to be
decided by speeches and majority
resolutions…but by blood and iron.”
• Otto Von Bismarck used the Nationalist feelings
sweeping Europe to unite Germany for the first
time since the Holy Roman Empire.
• Germany had been a series of small and
medium size countries and principalities.
• He was the master of words he knew what to
say and when to say it.
Prussia
• Using his power as chancellor of Prussia,
Bismarck embarked on the unification of the
German state.
• He practiced “Realpolitik” the focus on the
realistic needs of the state.
– Power is more important then principles.
– Prussia continued to build their military.
– Extended the vote to all men
German Wars of Unification
• Prussia went to war with Denmark and acquired land
that had mostly German speaking people.
• Prussia then annexed several small German speaking
states.
• Prussia then provoked a war with France and kicked the
crap out of them and took more land.
• The Remaining Southern German state after seeing
France lose, decided to join with Prussia and form the
new German Empire.
• It was called the Second Reich. (Holy Roman Empire
was the First Reich and Hitler formed the Third Reich)
• Bismarck staged the wars to create opportunities.
Unification of Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini pushed for unification in a
secret organization called “Young Italy”
• Count Camillo Cavour used Realpolitik to create
an alliance that made it possible for Sardinia to
defeat Austria and claim the country of
Lombardy in northern Italy.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi led a band of 1000 men
financed by Cavour to Sicily where he quickly
conquered and led his men into southern Italy.
• Many different leaders helped unite Italy.
Victor Emmanuel
• Victor Emmanuel the constitutional monarch of
Sardinia led a military force that over through the
Papal State then linked up with Garibaldi.
• Garibaldi turned all conquered territory over to
Victor.
• Bismarck negotiated a deal where France and
Austria were forced to give back all Italian land.
• For the first time since the fall of the Roman
Empire Italy was united as a country.
Nationalism a threat to Old Empires
• Old Empires typically had many different ethnic
groups who spoke different languages.
• These different ethnic groups wanted their own
countries. “Sovereignty or self government”
• Example: Greece for the Greeks.
• Democracy and Nationalism are the two dual
threats to the Autocracy of Europe.
The Social Question and New Government
Functions
School systems
• Literacy increases
Welfare
• Health, old age
Social reform becomes key political issue
• Socialism
– Karl Marx
– Parties in Germany, Austria, France, 1880s
• Women gain right to vote in many countries
Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure
Pleasure-seeking more acceptable
Consumerism
• Newspapers
• Entertainment
• Vacations
Leisure a commodity
• Team sports
• Travel industry
Advances in Scientific Knowledge
Rationalism
Darwin
• Evolution
Einstein
• Relativity
Social Sciences
• Science applied to human life
• Freud
New Directions in Artistic Expression
Romanticism
• Opposed to rationalism
• Human emotion
• Split between artists and scientists
Western Settler Societies
European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Peopled by immigrants
Canada
• Federal system
Australia
• From 1788
• Gold rush, agricultural development
• Federal system by 1900
New Zealand
• Maori defeated by 1860s
• Agricultural economy
Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
Rise of Germany
• Bismarck
• Unsettles balance of power
•
European global expansion
• Latin America independent
• Africa controlled by Europeans
• China, Middle East
– Zones of European rivalry
The New Alliance System
By 1907
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
•
Instability
• Russian Revolution, 1905
• Austria-Hungary
– Ethnic conflict
• Balkans
– Free of Ottoman control
– Divided by enmities
The Balkans before the Regional Wars, 1912
The Balkans after the Regional Wars, 1913
Diplomacy and Society
Instability in 1800s
• Nationalism
• Political division
• Industrial pressures