Transcript Nationalism powerpoint- with Unificationx

Using your assigned political perspective (position on
the Spectrum) answer the following:
a) Conservative, b)Moderate, c) Liberal, d)France
1)
2)
3)
4)
How would you deal with France? (would you
take over, punish, etc.?)
What would you do with the Countries that were
controlled by Napoleon?
What type of Government would you install in
France?
What type of Government would be promoted
throughout Europe?
~Called by Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria, following victory over France and
Napoleon.
~ Focus of meeting was to restore order to Europe
~ Primary focus of meeting was to redraw the
continent’s political and settle many of the other
issues arising from the French Revolutionary
Wars, The Napoleonic Wars, and The dissolution
of the Holy Roman Empire.
~ Congress began before Napoleon’s 100 Days
(Wellington, Representing G.B., had to leave to
face Napoleon at Waterloo)
~ The Vienna Congress was the first occasion in
European history where on a continental scale
people came together in one place to hammer
out a treaty.
- In the past, treaties had been achieved via
messengers and messages between heads of
state.
~ The Congress of Vienna had delegates from over
200 States and Princely houses.
~ Most of the work was completed by the 5 “Great
Powers”- Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia,
and France (?!?!?!?!).
A. Leaders Seek Stability
- Objective is to create a lasting Peace, ending a period of 25
years of war.
~Many secret meetings, and pageantry- servants came along with
delegates, many parties and balls, but seldom did all of the
delegates meet at the same time.
~Through Diplomacy agreements are reached to return to old
order.
~Congress is Dominated by Klemens Von Metternich
- Very smart, fluent in 5 languages
- Referred to himself as “European”, not Austrian
~3 Major Goals:
*
Strengthen Nations around France
*
Create a Balance of Power
*
Restore Royal Families
B.
Restoring “Old Order”
1. Encircling France with strengthened countries
Kingdom of the Netherlands
39 German Confederacy
Switzerland is created from independent states
2. Balance of Power
France would give back captured lands
France stays a world power
3. Legitimacy- Return Rulers to Thrown
No major powers, Unhappy
C) New Political Philosophies
1. Conservatism- Protect “traditional
governments”
2. Liberalism- More power to Educated
parliaments.
~ Like early stages of FR- not the Reign of
Terror
~ Middle Class
3. Radicalism- Drastic/ Violent Change
~ Like Terror
 Meanwhile…..
 Back
in the New World, the idea of
Revolution is catching on…..
•
Inspired by Enlightenment Ideas, the People of
Latin America rebelled against Spanish and
Portuguese Rule in the early 19th century.
•
*
Military Force frees most of S. America –
guided by Militant Revolutionaries, Simon
Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.
•
*
Portugal undergoes a “peaceful” revolution
South American Independence movement from
Spain led primarily by Simon Bolivar and Jose
de San Martin.
Through their efforts, Venezuela, Argentina,
Columbia, Peru, Ecuador, and eventually
Spanish held Latin America gained their
independence.
The Spanish held lands of the new world were
heavily segregated among class lines.
Social Classes were determined by birth, and there was no
opportunity for change.
Social Class Groups in the new world:
* The Peninsulares- Born in Europe, moved to new world.
Highest group. .1%. Only group eligible to hold public
office.
•
The Creoles- born in the new world to European parents.
22.8% of population. Frustrated with lack of opportunity
because of birth status.
The Metizos- Mixed European and Indian
Ancestry.
7%
•
The Mulattos- Mixed European and African. 7%
* Africans and Indians- though large groups
(especially Indians @ 55%) they had very little say
and were treated poorly.
•
This unfairness in the social structure was tolerated
for many years. The Creoles were the group most
interested in, and most able to carry out change.
They wanted to be involved in self government,
but could not at as they were not born in Europe.
They were however educated in European schools,
particularly at the time of the Fr. Rev.
•
•
The Creoles tolerated the system until the Spanish
King was replaced by Napoleon’s brother.
The Creoles did not feel any Allegiance to a French
ruler and thus began the push for independence.
The first countries to declare independence were
Argentina, led by Jose de San Martin, and
Venezuela led by Simon Bolivar.
Time to Think: In pairs, discuss and compile the
following:
* Two similarities between the Revolutions in
France and South America
* Two differences between the Revolutions in
France and South America.
The Island of Saint Dominique (Haiti) was the first
Latin American Territory to gain its independence
from European Rule (France).
In 1791 a Revolution began when 100,000 slaves rose
up against their captors with a leader by the name
of Toussaint L’Ouverture. Toussaint pushed
France for the official end of Slavery. Toussaint
was imprisioned.
Independence was eventually obtained under the
guidance of Jean Jacques Dessalines in 1804. The
country was renamed Haiti.
Mexico’s fight for Independence was not led by the
Creole’s as in other areas of Latin America, but by
the Mestizo’s and Indians.
In 1810, Padre Miguel Hidalgo called for a rebellion
against the Spanish. 60,000 people rose up and
marched on Mexico City.
The rebels lost but soon rallied again behind Jose
Maria Morelos. He was defeated in 1815 by
Iturbide..
Independence was eventually achieved in 1821, due
largely to the fact that the factions had united
against Spain, under Iturbide, in light of another
revolution back in Spain.
The rest of Central America broke away from Mexico
in 1823 calling themselves the United Provinces of
Central America.
Compare the revolutions of S. America and
Mexico with that of France.
Revolution
French Rev.
S. America
Mexico
Who did it
start with?
(classes /
persons)
Objective
Result
Similarities Differences
with FR (2) with FR (2)
X
X
 Just
when you thought we were
done with revolutions, back
across the Atlantic ~
Europe 2.0
The congress of Vienna was successful in creating
peace for “Europe” but not for within the
individual nations.
Many of the European countries experienced a
backlash against the conservative governments
imposed by the Congress of Vienna.
Hundreds of Revolutions erupted between 1815
and 1848.
Many of the issues behind the numerous
revolutions centered around the form of
Government.
~Conservatives v. Moderates v. Liberals.
Other forces affecting many European countries
revolved around Nationalism and the creation
of “Nation States”. Loyalty to one’s country,
not a King or an Empire.
This Era of Revolutions began in the Balkans.
The Balkans were a Region of Europe that
included: Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania,
Turkey and the Yugoslavia.
~The first of the major Revolutions occurred in
Greece as they sought independence from the
Ottoman Turks in 1821.
- The Greek Revolution received much support
from the West and Russia. Britain, France and
Russia provided military and naval support, and
the U.S. sent aid and assistance.
~ WHY?
-Independence was achieved in 1830.
Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, France, Russia
and most other nations experienced some form
of revolutionary movement.
These movements ranged from single issue causes
to calls for an entirely new government and
control.
France. Yes, France is still at it….
After Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and
exiled, France’s King Charles X was put in
power.
King Charles X tried to return France to a state of
Absolute Monarchy. He was run out of France
into exile in Great Britain.
France (Cont.):
After Charles X, King Louis-Philippe was put in
power. He was a liberal reformer who embraced
enlightenment ideas and the reforms of the
revolution. He was popular and ruled for 18 years.
He was eventually ousted in favor of a republic. The
republic elected Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
(nephew) as President. He was a strong leader and
took the title of Emperor Napoleon III.
- He was a successful ruler who helped with
economic reform and guided France into the
Industrial Revolution.
Russia- Revolutionary movements were growing
in Russia. Serfs were tired of centuries of being
powerless and believed the time had come for
the Serfdom to end.
Russia was led by Czar Nicholas I in 1853, who
rather than employ internal reforms, decided
he could modernize Russia by declaring war on
the Ottomans = The Crimean War.
Russia was not yet industrialized and was easily
defeated by a coalition army comprised of the
Turks, France, the Brits and Sardinia.
The Crimean War ended the long lasting peace
established by the Congress of Vienna.
Subsequent Russian leaders, though they decided to
modernize, to reform sufficiently to crush the
tide of revolutionary sediment. Alexander the II
was assassinated and was followed by Alexander
the III.

Russia’s failure to modernize and to offer
betterment to the lives of the serfs (peasants)
set the stage for the Revolutions of 1905 and
1917, in which the Czar was forced to abdicate.
What other European nation’s monarch lost his job
because of his failure to modernize and improve
the lives of the peasants?
By the Mid 1850’s people throughout Europe
began to identify more with their country and
region than a king or emperor.
Nationalism is defined as extreme pride and
loyalty to one’s country.
This movement fueled the creation of many new
Nation States carved out of existing empires or
through smaller principalities pulling together.
A Nation State is essentially synonymous with
“Country”.
Nation States must have:
1) Defined territory with a set boundary
2) Set Population
3) Makes and controls their own laws.
4) Sovereign – not answerable to any other
power or entity.
Nationalism destroyed the centuries old empires
of Russia and Austro Hungary and helped to
build and unite the nations of Italy and
Germany.
Prior to 1815, much of Italy was ruled by foreign
rulers- Austria controlled the North and Spain
controlled the South.
In 1832, Giuseppe Mazzini organized a group called
“Young Italy”. His group sought to achieve
independence for Italy and create a free “Nation
State”.
Briefly achieved a republic in Rome.
Mazzini’s efforts failed (like most of the revolutions
of 1848), and he was forced into exile.
The Unification of Italy made considerable steps
to becoming a nation state under the leadership
of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardina.
The King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II named
Camillo di Cavour to the position of Prime
Minister.
Cavour did expand and unite Italy, but not for the
creation of a Nation State, but for purposes of
creating a dominate Sardinia.
Cavour enlisted the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi and
his troops (the Red Shirts) to help unify Southern
Italy and bring them under the control of Sardinia.
The last area to fall under the control of Sardinia were
the Papal States which included Rome.
Eventually Sardinia conquered Rome, but Vatican
City remained under control of the Pope.
Thus Italy was essentially united by 1877.
Since 1815 Germany had existed in the loosely
unified German Confederation, consisting of 39
German States.
The largest and most dominant of these states
were Prussia and the Austro-Hungary Empire.
Prussia became the most advanced of the German
States.
Prussia had been modernized and organized
under the strong rule of Kaiser Wilhelm the
First.
Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Prime
Minister.
Von Bismarck relied on his theory of Real Politik
and Blood and Iron in unifying Germany.
Bismarck relied on two wars to accomplish his
goal of a unified Germany.
Austria resisted unification, attempting to assert
itself as the dominant German State.
Austria was defeated by Prussia in the Seven
Weeks War.
Southern German States had resisted Unification with
Prussia and the Northern German States. Much of
their resistance was based on the fact that
Germany was mostly protestant but that the
southern states were Catholic.
To get the Southern States to rally around Prussia,
Von Bismarck provoked France into attacking
Prussia.
Prussia prevailed and defeated France in 1870, thus
paving the way for unified Germany, aka the
“Second Reich”.
In your notes, respond to the following
with a well written paragraph. You may
use your notes and text book.
Explain how nationalism can be both a
constructive force and destructive force.
Cite specific examples.