Transcript chapter 23 notes

State Building and
Social Change in
Europe 1850-1871
Chapter 23
Crimean War
 Russia wanted more
 “Eastern Question”power in the south
what to do with
and a warm water port
territory from the
collapse of the
 Aim was to attempt to
disintegrating
take control of the
Ottoman EmpireBospours straight/
Russia, Britain,
Dardanelles because
Austria, Prussia, and
the Ottomans who
France all wanted a
controlled this
piece of the action
territory were weak
Crimean War
 1853-Russia demands  Oct. 1853 Turks/
religious protection for
Ottomans declared
Greek Orthodox
war on Russia. The
believers in Turkeybattle lasted 4 hrs with
copying
Russia dominating
France…Denied
 Drew up settlement
 As a result the
plans and submitted to
Russians sent troops to
England and France
the Danubian
for review
Principalities and took  England and France
control
then declared war on
Russia
Crimean War
 March 28, 1854 E/F
enter the war due to
Russia interfering with
their plans for the
Balkans
 England-Russian
expansion would hurt
their trade (med.) and
land holdings in India
 France-by pairing up
with England they
could claim more
power in European
politics
 Austria-remained
neutral
 Piedmont-Sardiniapaired with E/F to get
recognition and aid in
the unification process
in Italy
 Sept 1854-British
landed at Crimean
peninsula and targeted
Sevastopol (Russian
naval base)
Crimean War
 March 1855-Czar
Nicholas I died and his
son, Alexander II takes the
throne. Attempts at peace
fail
 Sept 11, 1855-Sevastopol
falls after 322 days of
fighting
 Peace of Paris 1856Russia gave up its claims
as protector of Christians
in Turkey, restored the
territory of the Ottomans,
and neutralized the Black
Sea
 1861-Danubian
principalities united into
the state of Romania
 Highest casualty rate
1815-1914 of any war
 Most died b/c of sanitation
problems (4 of every 5
wounded died)
 Florence Nightingale
 Many died needlessly due
to incompetent leadership
 No real victor
 War over obscure
disagreements
Crimean War Outcome
 Russia no longer played a role in European
politics
 Concert of Europe created by the Congress
of Vienna destroyed
 Goals of a peaceful Europe die
 Piedmont-Sardinia realized that only by
force would they achieve Italian
unification
Unifying Italy
 Not been united since the
end of the Roman Empire
in the 5th century
 Movement known as
“Risorgimento” or
resurgence –hopes
stemmed from
reorganization of Italy
during the reign of
Napoleon
 Revolutionary movements
of the 1848’s had been
crushed by Austria:
Young Italy-Giuseppe
Mazzini
Red Shirts-Giuseppe
Garibaldi
 Camillo Benso di Cavourrealistic politican from
Piedmont-Sardinia
 Created an alliance with
France against Austria in
1858-Treaty of Plombieres
 Austria (provoked by
Cavour) declared war in
1859 and was easily
defeated by French forces
in the battles of Magenta
and Solferino
 1859 Lombardy joined
Piedmont-Sardinia
 France got parts of Savoy
and Nice
Unifying Italy
 1860-Tuscany, Parma,
Romagna, and Modena
voted to kick out Austria
and become part of
Piedmont-Sardinia
under king Victor
Emmanuel II
 1860-uprisings against
King Francis II of
Naples (Garibaldi led)
 Cavour took steps to
eliminate Garibalid
(jealous)
 Cavour took Naples by
military force
 By 1860 Italy was
united under 1 ruler
(Victor Emmanuel II)
 1866 gained Venetia
due to war Austria lost
against Prussia
 1870-gained Rome
due to war France lost
with Prussia
Unification of Germany
 Otto von Bismarck
(Prussia)- Realpolitik –
ruthless pursuit of
advancing the interest of
your state at any means
(illegal/ violent)
 Junker member
 Saw liberal reformers
and Junker sharing
interest in unification of
Germany-exploited this
shared interest
7 Weeks War
 1850-Prussia forced to
 Prussia easily won and
accept Austria’s
began to exclude
dominance and began to
exclude it from
Austria from German
agreements made in the
unification
Zollverein
 1867-Habsburg empire
 1864-Prussia made
alliance with Austria to
turned itself into 2
take the German territories
state ruled by 1 ruler
of Schieswig and Holstein
from Denmark and agreed
to rule jointly
 1866-Bismarck provoked
war with Austria over
management of these
territories
Franco-Prussian War
 (southern German
provinces feared
unification with Prussia
due to conservatism)
 France also feared
unification-strong
Germany not good for
them internationally
 1870 Bismarck provoked
France-needed a dramatic
event like war to unite the
southern provinces to
Prussia, which would
unify Germany
 Bismarck gave the
impression that the
ambassador insulted the
king of Prussia
 July 1870 France declared
war on Prussia and the
southern provinces united
with Prussia
 Prussia successful-they
studied the terrain of
France, had a larger army,
and deployed troops via
the RR
 France lost the war
Germany/ Nationalism
 Jan 1871 German empire
established-Second
Reich-under the
leadership of the Prussian
king
 Reichstag (German
national assembly
formed)
 Reichstag held no real
power over king, but
served more as an
advisory council at this
time
 Nation no longer
embodied by the king
 Now, nations had
their own symbols:
Britannia of Eng.
Marianne of Fran.
Britannia on a 2005
Britannia Silver Coin.
Marianne of France
Reforming Europe: France and
the Second Empire 1852-1870
 Conservative

governments recognized
that both political and
social reforms were
needed to build dynamic
and competitive states

 Napoleon III-nephew of
Napoleon. Goal to
restore family glory\
 Dec. 1848 the “dark
jobs
horse” won the
presidential elections
under the platform of
universal manhood
suffrage
Dec 2, 1851 Napoleon III
seized power in a coup
d’etat and became
dictator of France
Focused on economic and
industrial expansion:
RR
Standard of
living
New markets
Agr.
expansion
France: Second Empire
 This economic expansion
of industry was fueled by
the gold rush of
California and Australia –
demand for French goods
 Paris was reformed from
an unsanitary, dirty, and
poor city to the model for
all European cities
 Poor sectors of city
demolished to make way
for open avenues and
bourgeoisie townhouses
and apartments
 Poor pushed to the
outside of Paris-suburbs
and the city expanded
 Napoleon III involved
France in the Crimean
War and the War to unify
Italy, both successful in
increasing the reputation
politically of France
 Chevalier-Cobden Treaty
of 1860-free trade btw.
France and England
France
 France involved itself
with Mexico-loaned them
money in the hopes of
increasing their position
with England and Spain
 France didn’t like current
elected president of
Mexico Benito Juarez so
they backed the removal
of him and replaced him
the the inept and very
unpopular Austrian,
Maximilian
 Maximilian became the
emperor of Mexico
 Eventually Maximilian
was abandoned-couldn’t
supply enough French
forces to make him stay
in power
 He was captured and
executed by firing
squad…this hurt the
reputation of France
 Franco-Prussian war also
hurt the political and
military reputation of
France
 Napoleon III lived in
exile once again
Napoleon III
Benito Juarez
Austrian
archduke
Maximilian
Abandoned by the French government that crowned him and sent him to Mexico,
the Emperor Maximilian was executed by a firing squad of Benito Juárez's army at
Querétaro, north of Mexico City, on June 19, 1867. News of the execution reached
Paris on July 1, just as Napoleon III was inaugurating that year's Universal
Exposition. Édouard Manet set to work almost immediately, and by early 1869 he
had completed a series of four paintings and one lithograph of the subject.
http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2006/EdouardManet.html
England and Parliamentary
Reforms
 Reforms worked and kept
G.B. from the 1848
revolutions
 Parliament able to adapt
to demands of an
industrial society
 Industrialist commitment
to growth vs. workers
need for protection from
the government
 1832-Reform Billbourgeoisie vote
 1867-urban vote
 1884-farm vote
 Prime Ministers:
 Gladstone: liberal who
broke from Tory
principles –best
government was one that
governed the least
 Lower taxes, abolished
tariffs, secret ballot, edu.
Act, military and civil
service reform, ended the
Anglican church of
Ireland
England and Parliamentary
Reforms
 Disraeli-from merchant
family
 Conservative supported
monarchy, house of lords,
and Church
 Factory Act of 1875-56
hrs of work a week
 Public Health Act, Trade
Union Act, and wanted
tariffs
 Was successful at
political campaigns to
increase his base of
supporters
 Believed in government
intervention-liberal today
Russia
 No revolution, controlled
by autocratic tsar, no
Parliament, no
constitution, no civil
liberties
 Major problem: Serfdom
 Alexander II saw that
Russia was backwards
after its defeat in the
Crimean War and wanted
to change it
 Saw freeing serfs as a
move that would lead to
increased industrial
output and military
reforms
 1861 signed the
emancipation edict for
serfs
 Poland freed its serfs 3
yrs later
 Alexander’s nickname
“Tsar-Liberator”
 Freed 52 million people
 The serfs were given
small plots of land and
had to make payments on
them over time
 They were set up in
communes of mirs and
there was no hope of
social ladder increase
Russia
 Serfs had major
problems with
repayment plans and
this led to class
conflict. Payments
abolished in 1905
 Emancipation didn’t
led to increases in
industrialization or
agriculture 
 Russia did increase
the number of RR
lines in its country
 Alexander II started
the zemstvos (local
elected assemblies)
 Started military
reform-15 yrs of
service with 6 yrs of
active duty (less than
before)
 1860-1870
intelligentsia
movement began in
Russia
Populist Movement
 1870’s Intelligentsiawestern liberalism and
socialism was spread
through country by
students returning
home. This threatened
the state and these
individuals were
repressed
 Some left to help other
revolution and
independence
movements while
others stayed and
turned to violence
 Attempts to assassinate
the Alexander II were
made many times
 Eventually he was
killed by an assassin in
1881 in St. Petersburg
 People of Russia
expected their politics
to keep up with social
reforms of the state and
begin liberalizing,
which it failed to do
Demise of Royal Authority
 Old regime: power
came from the
monarch (divine
authority) OUT
 New-power flowed
from the citizens and
was appointed to
voted representatives
 Issue-how to control
and tame public
opinion
 “Politics ruins the
character” Bismarkpoliticians began
amoral and used
Realpolitiks.
Whatever necessary
for your state
 New strategy for
politicians-they
became calculators
and weighed levels of
risk appropriate for
the ends they sought
to achieve
Politicians to Remember
 Cavour-Italian unification-liberal
 Bismarck-Prussia-German unificationconservative
 Napoleon III-economic increase of France
and improving reputation-both liberal and
conservative
Changing Values
 People of the late 19th
century considered
themselves “modern”
 Their values and
world view were
changing
 2 titans: natural
sciences and science
of society (Darwin
and Marx)
 Politics of
homemaking-virtuous
women maintain their
homes and are
devoted to their
families. Literature to
inform women of the
new science of the
domestic sphereefficiency
 Women who worked
reflected “social
evils” and were
unnatural
Illustrations from Mrs Beeton’s Everyday
Housekeeping and Cookery Book, 1890, showing a
housekeeper going about her daily duties
Women and the Family
 Women of every class
had increasing
workloads placed on
them
 Working class women
usually worked then
came home and worked
piecework and then
preformed the domestic
duties
 Concept of the home as
a “haven” was false
 Venereal diseases rose
rapidly and proved that
not all couples were as
devoted as they seemed
 14-17 % of all deaths
in France were
attributable to STD’s
 Women who worked
were considered bad
mothers and outside
of their duties. This
justified poor pay for
women.
 Some began to protest
their circumstances,
which lead to the
feminism
Realism
 Realist art and
literature addressed an
educated elite. The
vision lay not in
condemning the evils
of modern life or
trying to find
solutions, but rather in
depicting social evils
for what they really
were…failures of a
smug and progressive
middle class
 Examples:
Gustave Courbet
Jean-Francois Millet
Honore Daumier
Literature:
Hard Times: Dickens
Madame Bovary:
Gustave Flaubert
Crime and
Punishment:
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Realism
Jean-François Millet: The Gleaners
Jean-François Millet
The Pig Killers
Gustave Courbet
A Burial at Ornans
1849-50 (130 kB); Oil on canvas, 314 x 663 cm
(10" 3 1/2" x 21' 9"); Musee d'Orsay, Paris
Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849-50
Charles Darwin-New Science
 No real leaps in
science during shortly
before this due to
industrialization and
science being used to
promote material
progress-improving
machines
 Studied the natural
world
 On the Origin of
Species by Means of
Natural Selection
(1859)
 “Survival of the
fittest”: life forms
originate in and
perpetuated
themselves through
struggle. The
outcome was
determined by natural
selection-better
adapted individuals
survived while others
died out.
Charles Darwin
Karl Marx
 Marx believed he
discovered the law of
development of human
history-like Darwin for
animals
 “Darwin of sociology”
 Socialist/ evolutionist:
history is the dialectical
struggle of classes
 Capitalist society:
bourgeoisie owned
means of production as
private property vs.
proletariat or the
propertyless working
class
 Capitalism will only
increase the size of the
proletariat due to the
greed of the bourgeoisie
to make more $
 Great revolution will
take place were the
proletarians will unite
and stand against the
bourgeoisie
 Marxism became
increasingly popular
Karl Marx
“The worker becomes all the
poorer the more wealth he
produces, the more his production
increases in power and range. The
worker becomes an ever cheaper
commodity the more commodities
he creates. With the increasing
value of the world of things
proceeds in direct proportion to the
devaluation of the world of men.
Labour produces not only
commodities; it produces itself and
the worker as a commodity -- and
does so in the proportion in which
it produces commodities
generally.”
Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844)
Siege of Paris
 Prussia defeated France
in the Franco-Prussian
war in 1870
 Napoleon III and
100,000 men became
Prussia’s prisoners of
war
 However, Paris refused
to cooperate with the
Prussians and refused to
stop fighting
 Prussia attempted to
siege Paris and cut off
its supply lines as a way
to make the Parisians
surrender
 People turned towards
eating their horses and
soon the zoos of Paris
emptied
 1871 Germans began a
bombardment of Paris,
but still refused
 Jan 1871 agreed to an
armistice for the French
national elections
 Siege came to an end
with the election of
conservatives who
sought peace
Paris
 1871 Paris was still not
at peace though
 New government
moved to disarm
Parisians due to the
instability of the city
 Parisians defended their
right to bear arms and
drove the troops of
Versailles out of the
city
 Citizens began to rally
to the idea of self
government “Paris
Commune”
 Other French cities
followed the capitals
lead and Marx hailed
the event as the
beginning of the
revolution!
 Commune lasted 72
days at which time
government troops
reentered the city and
crushed the Paris
Commune
 “Bloody Week”: 25,000
Partisans massacred and
40,000 arrested and
tried
Conclusion
 Western societies
became “modern” in
the late 19th century
 Created and preserved
industrialization
 Realization of nationstate recognized for
Italy and Prussia
(Germany)
 Growth of social
reforms and
responsibilities on
governments
 The national powers
of the U.S., France,
Great Britain, and
Germany all
underwent modern
transitions in the
1860’s
 States began modern
and realistic with
politicians like
Bismarck and Covour
 Reform was the key
to the future progress
of Europe as opposed
to revolution