Transcript Pd. 1 French Rev. Notes Final

Debt from Wars
Debt from King’s extravagance
Interest payments ½ tax revenue
Tax structure problems
Change necessary soon
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Unfair class system
Enlightenment ideas
Louis XVI’s leadership skills
A strong economy
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Last called in 1614
Legislative body in an Absolute Monarchy
Meeting at Versailles’ palace
Each Estate gets one vote
May 5th, 1789
Third Estate won’t cooperate; knows result
Meets in Tennis Court
King offers two votes to Third Estate
Third rejects King’s offer
King closes the Estates General to the 3rd Estate
June 17th, 1789
June 20th, 1789
Three Estates meet
Form National Assembly
All Three Estates represented
Question format of Assembly
National Assembly vows to make change
Vow taken in Tennis Court
Will not disband until Constitution is created
King’s Prison in downtown Paris
Symbol of King’s power and control
Crowds of 3rd Estate members attack
Free prisoners and gain weapons
Rumors of violence against peasants
Untrue Rumors
Violence caused against Manor houses
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March on Versailles
Estates General
Tennis Court Oath
Storming of the Bastille
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Ended privileges of the Nobles
Stated that all people were equal before the Law
Incorporated Locke’s, Montesquieu’s and Rousseau’s
ideas.
Does not give rights to Women
Established a Constitutional Monarchy
Guaranteed Natural rights: speech, press, religion
August 1789
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The king granted women the
right to vote.
French citizens claimed their
natural rights.
The king raised taxes to pay
off the public debt.
French citizens supported
the king against the nobles
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King rejects the new reforms
Hungry women march from Paris to Versailles
Women wanted the King to show support for the
National Assembly which was meeting in Paris
Demands the King and Queen move back to Paris
King and Queen move to Paris
National Assembly Pays off debt by confiscating
Church land and selling it to the highest bidder.
Each Church was going to elect it’s own priest as
opposed to having one appointed
Weakened the Power of the Church
Pope Pius VI condemned the Legislation
Created two churches: one loyal to the Pope and one
loyal to the State
1790
Unicameral Legislature
Divided between Royalists (in favor of the King) and
Radicals (in favor of Governmental change and fast)
Sit in different parts of the Chamber
1791
The Right to vote was limited to men who paid a minimum
tax
Attempted to flee France for Austria, the home of his
wife (her brother was the Emperor of Austria)
Recognized by a by-stander and soldiers seized him
June 1791
Forced to accept the new Government
Became a prisoner of the National Assembly
1792
France’s revolutionary leaders declare war on Austria
Austria supported by Prussia and Sardinia
Boosted the French Revolutionary’s spirits
September 1792
French Forces had saved the Revolution for the time
being from Outside influence
Valmy is 100 miles from Paris
Prussia, Austria (home of Marie Antoinette, Queen of
France) and Silesia (Absolute Monarchies) attacking
the French Revolutionaries
Calendar adopted 9.22.1792: Day one Year one.
Calendar divided along natural guidelines
Country divided on natural boundaries
Democratic Reforms: Enlightened-ish reforms:
constitution, Universal male suffrage, metric
system.
Went to court in December 1792
A box of letters was found in which the King’s secret
correspondence with foreign monarchs; it was
brought to the trial
Beheaded in January 1793
Convicted of “conspire[ing] against the liberty of the
nation”
Crowds celebrated his beheading
Republic will remain
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They called for the fall of
the absolute monarchy.
They encouraged the
conquests of Napoleon.
They fought to maintain
France’s colonial empire.
They supported the
combination of church and
state
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Directed the entire war effort
Summer of 1793:Adopted conscription: called all
males 18-45 to war
Skilled people were called by the Country to assist the
war effort
The Committee turned the War into the first “People’s
War”: fought of, by and for the People.
Led by Maximilien de Robespierre
July 1793-1794
Jacobins (Radicals) attempted to purge society of those
who were not part of the War/Revolutionary effort
They crushed all those “not of their kind”
All were afraid that the others were spies for Girondists
(Moderates)
17,000 executions/85% were commoners
Guillotine
Marie Antoinette was among the victims
After Robespierre’s death they lost power
Only citizens who owned property could vote
Government was under wealthy middle class control
Executive council with 5 directors
Directory ruled a two house legislature
Universal male suffrage was ended/ property owners
were the only ones allowed to vote
Corrupt Leadership- Directors have financial and
moral scandals which dominate their rule
5 men called directors/ Bi-cameral leglislature
Little effort to resolve the growing gap between the
rich and the poor
Used the Army to put down the uprisings in Cities
1799- Napoleon returns to a hero’s welcome and
overthrows the Directory in a coup de ‘etat.
Napoleon proclaimed a new constitution replacing the
Constitution of 1795, and establishes a republic
As the head of the Army, Napoleon is the logical
choice to lead the country
The executive branch was a committee of three
members called Consuls, a title from Ancient Rome
Napoleon was the First Consul
Wanted to restructure the Government
Effectively established a Dictatorship- 1802 establishes
himself as Dictator for Life
1804
Literally placed the crown on his own head- significant
because the Pope usually does it but he didn’t want
to associate with the Church
Based on Enlightenment ideas
Placed the State above the individual
Developed a sense of Nationalism; love of country
Women lost their rights, even more.
Allowed censorship of print: limited freedom of
speech- not really Enlightened.
Napoleon allowed that Catholicism was a majority
decision.
Treaty with the Church
Allowed Religious tolerance
Napoleon retained the right to name important Church
officials
Mends the rift between the Church and the State
1805
British Naval Admiral Nelson defeats the French Navy
Removes the possibility of the French invading Great
Britain
Fought off the southern coast of Spain
The French defeat at Trafalgar, forces an alternative to
the invasion of GB.
Napoleon decides to use Economic means to defeat
Great Britain
Caused by Alexander I’s withdraw from the
Continental System- he had to trade with Britain
This made Napoleon Mad
Assembled an army of 600,000
May 1812 started for Moscow
Russians employ the “scorched earth” policy- destroy
all resources in the French army’s path
Cold sets in/Army is hungry
200,000 make it back to France
Utter failure
March 1st 1815 -Upon return to France, Napoleon
abdicates the Throne
Louis XVIII takes over
Exiles Napoleon to Elba, a small island off of French
Coast
He escapes
Returns to rule for 100 day
June 1815
French army meets combined forces of Britain,
Netherlands, Prussia at Waterloo, Belgium
France is beaten badly
1815-Napoleon is exiled to a small island in the South
Atlantic named St. Helena
Dies there in 1821
Buried in Notre Dame, Paris
Moved across the River Seine to his current resting
spot near the Eiffel Tower
Sept 1814 to June 1815
Meet in Vienna, Austria
Attended by all European Nations delgates
The Big Four (Britain, Russia, Austria and France)
attempt to establish European Stability
Guided by three principals:
Restoration: restoring the Absolute Monarchs to the
their thrones
Reparation: the countries of Europe should be repaid
for their expenses incurred while fighting France
Balance of Power: No country should be able to
dominate Continental Europe
Neutral Territories around France
Attempting to keep France from undermining the rulers
of neighboring countries
Other rules didn’t want France’s type of rule to spread
to their countries
Austrian Netherlands, Dutch Netherlands become one
country between France and Prussia
Reactionaries people who opposed change and wanted
to return to the way it was
Liberals- accepted the ideas of the Enlightenment and
the results of the French Revolution. Believed in
democratic reforms and individual freedoms.
Alliances are the promise of one country to help
another in the alliance
Alliances were called Quadruple Alliance: Great
Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia
Concluded the alliance in 1815
France was admitted three years later
Alliances were in place to prevent democratic
revolution
The Meetings of the Alliances were called the Concert
of Europe and helped European countries avoid
conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars
Metternich achieved his political goals in opposing
Liberalism and Nationalism as well as defending the
Absolute Monarchies of Europe
The idea of the people controlling their countries and
not the Kings was not eliminated by the Metternich
System
In Germany, students rose up against the government
In Spain, the Absolute Monarch was forced to accept a
constitution
In Greece the people won their independence from
Turkey in 1829
The ideas of the French Revolution lived on!