Transcript NAPOLEON
NAPOLEON 1795-1799 OBSCURITY TO MASTERY ► October 5, 1795…13 Vendmiaire… ► 1796: Bonaparte appointed to lead the French army against Austria and Sardinia in Italy swift victories; control of Italy and Switzerland ► 1797: Treaty of Campo Formio ► Bonaparte went after Britain by attacking Egypt…a failure, but he returned to Paris a hero ► November 10, 1799…19 Brumaire..coup d’etat Constitution of the Year VIII Napoleon named 1st Consul JOSEPHINE ► ► ► ► ► ► Born Marie-Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie in Martinique Married Vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais 2 children, Eugene and Hortense Imprisoned and widowed during the Terror A “socialite without equal” Met and married the young Napoleon in 1796 Her social and political deftness allowed him to become 1st Consul THE CONSULATE 1799-1804 Foreign enemies – 2nd Coalition: Britain , Austria, Russia Peace of Amiens 1802 Domestic policies – Economic Set up Bank of France Slowed inflation, balanced budget – Social Emigres returned – Religious Concordat of 1801 Domestic policies centralization of government reorganization of education – extensive system of public schools good propaganda for Napoleon Banque de France – balanced budget used indemnities strengthened agriculture stimulated commerce CODE NAPOLEON Gave France a single set of laws Abolished the 3 estates of the old regime Equality under the law Limited liberty censorship women lost right to own property slavery restored in French colonies PLEBISCITE MAKES NAPOLEON EMPEROR December 2, 1804 THE EMPIRE 1804-1814 Napoleon dominated Europe 3rd Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia…1805 Austerlitz December 1805…Austria made peace Jena October 1806…French troops in Berlin Friedland June 1807…Treaty of Tilsit Mastery over most of Europe Ended the Holy Roman Empire AUSTERLITZ Napoleon at jena Napoleon greeting Alexander I at Tilsit NAPOLEON’S SIBLINGS Joseph…King of Naples and Spain Louis , King of Holland Lucien, Prince of Canino Napoleon’s Siblings Pauline Borghese Jerome, King of Westphalia Caroline, Queen of Naples Elise Napoleon’s favorite sibling…Pauline Borghese CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Trafalgar: loss in 1805 meant that Napoleon could not defeat British navy Economic blockade Supposed to make Europe self sufficient Smuggling Weakened economies across Europe British used impressment and stopped neutral merchant ships War of 1812 with United States SPAIN 1808-1813 Joseph Bonaparte…briefly King of Spain PENINSULAR WAR Napoleon tried to make brother Joseph King of Spain Guerilla warfare Lost 300,000 soldiers NATIONALISM becoming a powerful weapon against Napoleon AUSTRIA Trouble in Spain encouraged Austria to seek revenge for Austerlitz Napoleon had the advantage Won the battle of Wagram Peace of Schönbrunn deprived Austria of territory and 3.5 million subjects THE NEED FOR AN HIER • Divorced Josephine in 1809 • Married Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria 1810 • Only child King of Rome born in 1811 RUSSIA 1812 • Napoleon’s disastrous mistake Scorched Earth BORODINO…SEPTEMBER 1812 the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic wars December 1812 THE GRAND ALLIANCE • Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden • October 1813: Leipzig… The Battle of Nations • Napoleon’s empire crumbled • April 1814: exile to Elba Castlereagh and the Treaty of Chaumont March 9, 1814 Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy France to the frontiers of 1792 Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia agreed to form the Quadruple Alliance for 20 years HUNDRED DAYS MARCH-JUNE 1815 • Escape from Elba • Enthusiastic welcome from French people • Louis XVIII fled WATERLOO June 15, 1815 St Helena 1815-1821 “France, Chief of Army, Josephine…” THE INVALIDES NAPOLEON’S TOMB Napoleon’s legacy continued to influence the course of European history 1. consolidated some of the gains of the French Revolution 2. carried the ideas of the revolution across Europe 3. remade the map of Europe 4. stimulated the growth of NATIONALISM 5. the “Napoleonic legend”: French history marked by struggles among 3 groups Bonapartists…one strong man should govern Monarchists People seeking to establish a democratic republic