Transcript Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

Nationalist Revolutions Sweep
the West
1789-1900
What is nationalism?
Latin American Peoples Win
Independence
EnlightenmentAmerican RevolutionFrench RevolutionLatin American Revolutions
Background
• Success of the American Revolution,
French Revolution and Enlightenment
changed ideas about who should control
government
• Ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy
found their way to the colonies
• Most of the population in Latin America
resented colonial rule
Latin American Colonial Society
Peninsulares and Creoles
• Peninsulares
– Born in Spain
– Tiny percentage of the population
– Only ones who could hold high office
• Creoles
– Spaniards born in Latin America
– Could not hold high office but could rise as
officers in the colonial armies
Other Groups
• Mestizos- mixed European and Indian
heritage
• Mulattos- mixed European and African
heritage
• Enslaved Africans and Indians at the
bottom
Revolutions in the Americas
• Success of French and American
Revolutions gave colonists some hope
• War in Europe also gave them the
opportunity
Revolution in Haiti
• Haiti- 1st Latin
American territory to
free itself
• 500,000 slaves in
French plantations
• August 1791, 100,000
slaves rose up
against their French
masters
Tousaint L’Ouverture
• Tousaint L’Ouverturewas a freed slave who led
revolutionary forces in
Haiti.
• Unfamiliar with military
strategy or diplomacy but
became skilled at both
• By 1801, he took control
of the island and freed all
slaves
Haiti’s Independence
• January 1802, Napoleon sent 30,000
soldiers to put down the uprising
• Napoleon set him up and sent him to a
prison in the French alps where he died in
April 1803
• Jean-Jacques Dessalines- took up the
fight and declared Haiti to be independent
• Haiti was the first black colony to free
itself
Creoles Lead Independence
• Creoles led the independence movement
in Latin America because they were well
educated in Enlightenment ideas.
• Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808
triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies
Simon Bolivar
• Wealthy Venezuelan
creole
• Simon Bolivar was
known as The
Liberator
• “George Washington
of South America”
• Bolivar’s goal was to
make South America
one country
Bolivar
• Declared Venezuela’s
independence in 1811
• Didn’t win
independence until
1822
Jose de San Martin
• Jose de San Martin
was an officer in the
Spanish army who
joined forces with
Simon Bolivar to drive
the Spanish out of
South America.
• Argentine
• Liberator of
Argentina, Chile, Peru
Mexico
• Revolution led by
Indians and Mestizos
• The independence
movement in Mexico
was started by
Miguel Hidalgo
• Poor but well
educated, firm
believer in
Enlightenment ideals
Brazil
• Brazilian independence was unique
because it occurred without bloodshed
• During Portugal’s war with Napoleon, the
Portuguese royal family ran their empire
from Brazil
• When the royal family returned the king’s
son stayed behind and ruled the country
independently
Europe Faces Revolutions
Sec 2
What was the outcome of the
Congress of Vienna?
3 Schools of Political Thought
in Europe
Conservative
• Usually wealthy property owners and
nobility
• Wanted to protect the traditional
monarchies of Europe
Liberal
• Mostly middle class business leaders and
merchants
• Wanted to give more power to elected
officials in parliament but only the
educated and landowners would vote
Radical
• Wanted to bring democracy to all people
• Governments should practice the ideals of
the French Revolution
Nationalism Develops
• Nationalism- belief that loyalty should not
be to a king or empire but to a nation of
people who share a common culture and
history
• Extreme loyalty to one’s country
• Most people who believed in nationalism
were either liberals or radicals
Nation-State
• Nation-state- nation with its own
independent government
• In 1815, the only nation-states in Europe
were England, Spain, and France
What are the bonds that
create a nation-state?
(What is it that makes us a
country?)
Bonds that create a Nation-State
• Culture- shared way of life (food, dress,
behavior)
• History- common past
• Religion- shared by most or all people
• Nationality- common ethnic ancestry
• Territory- belief that land belongs to a
certain ethnic group
• Language
How can nationalism be a
positive influence?
Positive Results of Nationalism
• People within a nation overcoming their
differences for the common good
• Overthrow of colonial rule
• Democratic governments
• Competition among nations spurring
scientific and technological advances
When can nationalism be a
negative influence?
Negative Results of Nationalism
• Forced assimilation of minority cultures
into a nation’s majority culture
• Ethnic cleansing, such as in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
• Rise of extreme nationalistic movements,
such as Nazism
• Competition between nations leading to
warfare
Greek Independence
• By the 1820s Greece
been part of the Ottoman
Empire for centuries
• The Ottomans controlled
most of the Balkans
• Ancient history and
culture led to rise in
nationalism after the
French Revolution
• Why was a Greek
revolution supported by
other European
governments?
Support for Greece
• Russians felt a religious connection to
Greek Orthodox Christians
• The Greeks were ruled by Muslims
• Educated Americans and Europeans loved
and respected ancient Greek culture
Greek Independence
• Rebelled against the Ottoman Turks in
1821
• 1827-A British, French, and Russian fleet
destroyed the Ottoman fleet
• 1830- Those 3 countries signed a treaty
guaranteeing Greek independence
1830s Uprisings Crushed
• The old order established by the Congress
of Vienna began to break down
• Nationalists riots broke out against the
Dutch in Belgium
• Nationalists in Italy worked to united many
separate states but order was restored by
Austrian troops
• Poles living under Russian rule revolted
but were crushed by the Russian army
1848 Revolutions
• Ethnic uprisings erupted throughout Europe in
1848
• Hungary
• Austria
• Czechoslovakia
• Italy
• Germany
• France
• Switzerland
• Romania
Effects of 1848 Revolutions
• Failed to unite themselves or their
nations
• Conservatives regained power
• Set the foundations for the future nations
France
• 1830, King Charles X tried to return to
absolute monarchy
• Ensuing riots forced him to flee to Great
Britain
• Replaced by Louis-Phillipe
• 1848, Paris mob overthrew the king and
established a republic that fell apart almost
immediately
1848 France
• Louis-Napoleon ,
Napoleon’s nephew,
came to power and
later took the title of
Napoleon III
Sec 3 Italy and Germany
Nationalism
• Nationalism can be a force of unity or
disunity
• Nationalists believed that people of a
single nationality or ancestry should unite
under a single government
Unification
• Mergers of politically divided but
culturally similar lands
• Germany
• Italy
Separation
• Culturally distinct group resists being
added to a state or breaks away
• Greeks in the Ottoman Empire
• French-speaking Canadians
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
• Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs
– Brought together Slovenes, Hungarians,
Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles,
Serbs, and Italians
• Russian Empire
– Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians,
Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians
• Ottoman Empire
– Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians
Cavour Unites Italy
• Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister of the
kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, who is
responsible for uniting Italy
• Risorgimento
• Used skillful diplomacy and alliances to
gain control of northern Italy
• Austria was the greatest roadblock
• Cavour declared war against Austria and
drove them out with France’s help
Mazzini
• Mazzini- Italian
philosopher,
politician, and
nationalist
• “Soul of Italy”
A Country is not a mere territory;
the particular territory is only its
foundation. The Country is the
idea which rises upon that
foundation; it is the sentiment of
love, the sense of fellowship
which binds together all the sons
of that territory.
Garibaldi
• Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italian nationalist
and military leader who conquered
southern Italy
• Agreed to unite the south of Italy with the
north
Bismarck Unites Germany
•
•
•
•
German unification was led by Prussia
Mainly German population
Strong army
Liberal constitution brought about by
rioters of 1848
Otto von Bismarck
• Otto von Bismarck- prime minister of
Prussia responsible for uniting Germany
• Master of realpolitik- politics of reality
• The ends justify the means
• “Blood and Iron”- famous quote by
Bismarck emphasizing the importance of
the military
• Gave himself power to rule without the
authority of Parliament
Nationalism
• Bismarck was the master of creating
nationalism
• Purposely started a war with Austria
Franco-Prussian War
• Franco-Prussian War- war created by Otto von
Bismarck to unite the people of Germany
• A few southern states remained independent
from Prussia
• Created “incidents” to rally the people of the
south together against France
• The Prussians routed the French and the south
joined in the nationalism to unite the country
• King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser
and the empire was called the Second Reich
Effects of Unification
• Shift in Power
• Germany and Britain now the powers of
Europe
Revolution in the Arts
Sec 4
Background
• In the first half of the 1800s artists focused
on the ideas of the Enlightenment such as
freedom, rights of individuals, and an
idealistic view of history
• As political views shifted to leaders who
practiced realpolitik intellectuals and artists
switched to a more realistic view of the
world
The Romantic Movement
• Romanticism- artistic movement that
reflected deep interest in nature and the
thoughts and feelings of the individual
• Rejects the Enlightenment by placing
emphasis on emotion instead of reason
Ideas of Romanticism
• Emphasis on inner feelings, emotions, and
imagination
• Focused on the mysterious, supernatural, exotic,
grotesque, or horrifying
• Love of untamed nature
• Idealized the past as simpler and nobler
• Glorified heroes
• Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories
• Valued the common people
• Promoted radical change and democracy
William Turner
Caspar David Friedrich
Thomas Cole
Romanticism in Literature
• Poetry was the highest form of expression
• William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy
Bysshe Shelley, John Keats
• Victor Hugo, Goethe, Brothers Grimm
• Individual against hostile society was a
common theme
Gothic Novel
• Horror stories
became hugely
popular
• Mary Shelley
Music
• Celebrated heroism and national pride
with emotional expression
• Ludwig van Beethoven
• Chopin, Wagner, Verdi, Schuman
Realism
• Realism- tried to
show life as it was,
not as it should be
• Influence by industrial
revolution
• Beginnings of
photography
Impressionism
• Impressionism- artistic movement that
shows an artists impression of a subject or
moment in time
• Monet
• Degas
• Renoir
Monet
Degas
Renoir