Transcript Review Renaissance through Revolutionsx

World History II 1500 A.D. to the
Present
SOL Review
Major states and empires in the
Eastern Hemisphere
• England
• France
• Spain
• Russia
• Ottoman Empire
• Persia
• China (Ming)
• Mughal India
• Songhai Empire
2a
Major Empires of the Western
Hemisphere
• Aztec
• Inca
Western Hemisphere
2a
Major World Powers of the 1500s
Name and Dates
Location
Achievements
Aztec
Mesoamerica
Built pyramids and developed a pictorial
written language
England
Most of the British Isles
The Magna Carta and English Bill of
Rights were foundations for democracy
French
France, the Americas, Africa and Asia
Defeated the English in the Hundred
Years’ War
Spanish Empire
Spain, the Americas, and Asia
The first to explore the Americas and
establish colonies
Russia
Russia and the Ukraine
Ousted the Mongols and preserved the
Eastern Orthodox religion
Ming
China
Reclaimed China from the Mongols and
established a period of isolationism
Holy Roman
Western and central Europe
Inca
South America
Built a vast empire linked by an extensive
road system
Mughal
India
Built the Taj Mahal
Ottoman
Turkey, North Africa, Southwest Asia,
Southeast Europe
Became the world's most powerful
empire in the 1500s and 1600s and built
architectural masterpieces.
Songhai
West Africa
Gained control of trans-Saharan trade
routes and built a thriving empire
2a
Mr. Habeeb’s Religion Map
2c
Five World Religions
Judaism
• Monotheism
• Ten Commandments of
moral and religious
conduct
• Torah: Written records and
beliefs of the Jews
15a
Christianity
•
•
•
•
Monotheism
Jesus as Son of God
Life after death
New Testament: Life and
teachings of Jesus
• Establishment of Christian
doctrines by early church
councils
Islam
• Monotheism
• Muhammad, the
prophet
• Qur’an (Koran)
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Mecca and Medina
Five World Religions continued
Buddhism
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha)
• Four Noble Truths
• Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment
• Spread of Buddhism from India
to China and other parts of
Asia, resulting from Asoka’s
missionaries and their writings
Hinduism
• Many forms of one God
• Reincarnation: Rebirth
based upon karma
• Karma: Knowledge that all
thoughts and actions result
in future consequences
Trade Routes
A. trans-Sahara (gold, salt)
B. Western Europe Rhine
River/Mediterranean
C. Northern Europe to Black Sea
(Danube River)
D. Silk Road: (spices, silk, porcelain)
E. maritime routes in Indian Ocean
(textiles, spices)
F. South China Sea (spices)
Importance of Trade Routes
Trade leads to cultural diffusion
Cultural diffusion = spread of culture (ideas, etc.)
Europeans benefited from cultures they met when trading
Country/Region
Good
China
Porcelains and silks
India/Indian Ocean
and Region
Spices and textiles
Eastern Europe
Amber
Western Europe
Textiles
Africa
Salt and gold
2d,e
Country/Region
Good
China
Printing and
paper currency
India
Advances in
medicine and
mathematics
Southwest Asia
Islam and
mathematics
The Renaissance
“Rebirth” of classical knowledge; “birth” of the modern world
Accomplishments in the visual arts:
Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci
Accomplishments in intellectual
ideas (humanism): Erasmus
Accomplishments in literature
(sonnets, plays, essays): Shakespeare
2b
A Renaissance intellectual
movement in which thinkers
studied classical texts and
focused on human potential
and achievements.
Erasmus
From looking at this map, what country did the
Renaissance start in?
1495-1497 CE
What is the name of this work and who painted it?
Where is the location
of this fresco and who
painted it?
The Reformation
The root word of Reformation is
REFORM, meaning to change.
Many people throughout Europe were not happy with the Church in
Rome. Merchants did not like the Church's policy on usury, or money
lending. German, English, and Italian nobility did not like the
authority over economies and governing. In addition, corruption and
the sale of indulgences (pardons) angered others. The Reformation
was a movement of opposition to the Church. As a result of the
Reformation, the Catholic Church lost its authority over parts of
Europe. New churches, known as Protestant, were started.
And it all started with this
guy…
• Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate
authority, all humans equal before God
• Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church
?
Reformers
Martin Luther
In the 1400s, people could give money as a way of
lessening their punishment for sins. Martin Luther, a monk
and a teacher, believed that this “selling of indulgences”
was wrong. In 1517, he published his views in a list called
the Ninety-five Theses. These ideas were printed and
spread throughout Europe, starting the Reformation.
Luther believed that people won salvation through faith,
not good works.
John Calvin
Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a
righteous life, work ethic
Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement
Like father, like daughter
King of England, Henry VIII broke from the
Catholic Church when the pope refused to
grant him an annulment from his wife. The
Anglican church that he started kept many
Catholic beliefs but not the authority of the
pope.
Following the death of Henry VIII, one of his
daughters, Elizabeth became queen in 1558
and completed the task of creating a separate
English Church (Anglican Church). New laws
gave the new religion traits that would appeal
to both Protestants and Catholics. In this way,
Elizabeth hoped to end religious conflict in
England. In 1588, England defeated the
Spanish Armada and the threat of Catholic
Spain.
•Princes in Northern
Germany converted
to Protestantism,
ending the authority
of the Pope in their
states.
•The Hapsburg
family and the
authority of the Holy
Roman Empire
continued to support
the Roman Catholic
Church.
•Conflict between
Protestants and
Catholics resulted in
devastating wars
(e.g., Thirty Years’
War).
The Reformation in
Germany
Look closely at this map. What problems do you think could occur based off of the
location of Catholic and Protestant communities?
Conflicts between French Protestants, called Huguenots, and Catholics often turned
violent. In 1572, mobs killed around 12,000 Huguenots. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes
granted the Huguenots the right to live and worship in France. However, it would later be
revoked
The Thirty Years’ War
…was another conflict between
Catholics and Protestants.
Wanting to strengthen France’s
position in Europe, Cardinal
Richelieu changed the focus of
the Thirty Years’ War from a
religious to a political conflict.
Counter Reformation: The Catholic
Church Reformed Its SINS
S. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) tried to bring people back to
the Catholic Church (started by Ignatius Loyola)
I. Inquisition: church court set up to punish protestant
heretics
N. No more indulgences
S. Stop spread of Protestants: 30 Years' War
Changing cultural values, traditions,
and philosophies
• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism
• Eventual growth of religious
tolerance
What was the role of the printing
press in the spread of new ideas?
What generalizations can you
make from this map?
Role of the printing press
• Growth of literacy was stimulated
by the Gutenberg printing press.
• The Bible was printed in English,
French, and German.
• These factors had an important
impact on spreading the ideas of
the Reformation and the
Renaissance.
Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western
Hemisphere
•Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe
•Support for the diffusion of Christianity
•Political and economic competition between European empires
•Innovations of European and Islamic origins in navigational arts
•Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator
FOR GOLD, GOD, and GLORY!
• GOLD! (WEALTH! )
– New spices in Europe
(introduced during the
Crusades) = demand for
the spices.
– Europeans wanted to cut
out the middle man !
– Europeans try to find new
trade routes because they
want new sources of
wealth.
Muslims sold
Spices to
Italians
for lots of $
Europe
buys
it for a
higher price
Italians
sell it
to Europe
for
MORE $$$
Significant Explorers and Conquistadors
Explorer
Country
Accomplishment
Christopher Columbus
Spain
1492: Columbus, an Italian found the Americas during
an attempt to find a new route to Asia
Vasco da Gama
Portugal
Sailing around Africa, he found “da” route to India
Hernando Cortes
Spain
1519: He went to Mexico and defeated the powerful
Aztec Empire
Ferdinand Magellan
Spain
1519: Began a voyage that successfully
circumnavigated the earth by 1522. Magellan,
unfortunately was killed in the Philippines in 1521.
Francisco Pizarro
Spain
1533: Pizarro defeated the great Incan Empire in
South America
Jacques Cartier
France
1534: Sought a northwest passage to Asia. He came
across and named the St. Lawrence River and founded
Montreal
Francis Drake
England
From 1577 to 1580, he was the second to sail around
the world and the first from England to do so
One motive for exploration was to
spread the Christian religion.
Migration of
colonists to new
lands
Means of Diffusion of
Christianity
Influence of
Catholic and
Protestant colonists,
who carried their faith,
language, and cultures
to new lands.
Conversion of
indigenous
peoples
Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas,
creating new cultural and social patterns.
Americas
Asia
•Expansion of overseas territorial
claims and European emigration to
North and South America
• Colonization by small groups
of merchants (India, the
Indies, China)
•Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires
• Influence of trading
companies (Portuguese,
Dutch, British)
•Legacy of a rigid class system and
dictatorial rule in Latin America
•Forced migration of Africans who
had been enslaved
Africa
•Colonies’ imitation of the culture
and social patterns of their parent
countries
• European trading posts along
the coast
• Trade in slaves, gold, and
other resources
The Columbian Exchange
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
On the Americas
• Plantation system and slavery
developed to grow cash crops.
This system was harmful to
people and to the
environment.
• Disease claimed the lives of
over 20 million Native
Americans
• New methods of agriculture
resulted from the introduction
of livestock and different crops
• Horses improved
transportation
On Europe, Asia, and Africa
• Potatoes, sweet potatoes, and
corn became important parts
of people’s diets. As a result,
people lived longer and
populations increased.
• Europeans profited from new
trade patterns. They controlled
the sea routes.
• Europeans and other groups in
the Eastern Hemisphere
adapted cultural practices
from other regions of the
world.
Triangular Trade
The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the
Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.
Export of precious
metals
• Gold and silver
exported to Europe
and Asia
• Impact on
indigenous empires
of the Americas
• Impact on Spain and
international trade
The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power
following the conquest of Constantinople.
Development of the
Ottoman Empire
• Capitol at
Constantinople
renamed Istanbul
• Islamic religion as a
unifying force that
accepted other
religions
• Trade in coffee and
ceramics
Originally located
in Asia Minor
The Ottoman Empire
•
•
•
Originally located in Asia Minor, Ottoman territory eventually expanded into:
Southwest Asia
Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula
North Africa
The Mughal Empire
Located in North India
Contributions of the Mughal
Empire:
• Spread of Islam into India
• Art and Architecture
• Establishment of European
Trading outposts
• Portugal, England, and the
Netherlands competed for the
Indian Ocean trade by
establishing coastal
• Influence of Indian Textiles on
British textile industry
Mughal Art
The Taj Mahal was built by Mughal ruler Shah Jahan as a memorial to his
dead wife.
Southern India
• Most of Southern India
remained independent
– not under Mughal
control.
• Southern India traded
spices, silks, and gems
Europeans in the East
China and Japan
China and Japan sought to limit the
influence and activities of European
merchants.
How did they do this and Why?
China
• Creation of foreign enclaves
(areas) to control trade.
• Imperial policy of
controlling foreign influence
and trade
• Increase in European
demand for Chinese goods
(porcelain and tea)
Japan
• Powerless emperor
controlled by a military
leader “shogun”
• Adopted a policy of
isolation to limit foreign
influence
Africa
Imports
Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the
Americas
New food products such as corn and peanuts
Exports
Slaves (triangular trade)
Raw materials such as ivory and gold
Mercantilism
European maritime nations competed for overseas
markets, colonies, and resources, creating new
economic practices, such as mercantilism, linking
European nations with their colonies. Mercantilism
is an economic practice adopted by European
colonial powers in an effort to become selfsufficient. Based on this theory, colonies exist for
the benefit of the mother country.
The Commercial Revolution
New money and
banking systems
were created
Economic practices
such as
mercantilism
evolved.
The Commercial Revolution
Colonial economies
were limited by the
economic needs of
the mother country
Scientific Revolution (17th century) –
A New Way to Think About the World
The Scientific Revolution?!?
How did we
get here?
Medieval/Renaissance (13th-16th)–
renewed focus on self and humanity
over the collective view of the
Church/God.
What is the common thread here?
How will this lead to a scientific
revolution?
Reformation (16th-17th)– rejection of
the Church in favor of an individual
interpretation of the Bible,
vernacular over Latin, personal piety
over collective piety
Age of Exploration (15th-18th) –
individual European explorers brave
the unknown/open seas to
“discover” new worlds
Johannes Kepler –
planetary motion
ellipses
Nicolaus Copernicus –
heliocentric model
Scientific
Revolution
Galileo –
used telescope to
prove heliocentric
model
emphasis on reason
observation of nature  laws
scientific method
Harvey –
circulation of blood,
heart = pump
Newton –
gravity
With its emphasis on reasoned
observation and systematic
measurement, the scientific
revolution changed the way
people viewed the world and
their place in it.
Effects:
1. emphasis on reason
2. focus on nature
3. adoption of the scientific
method to solve all problems
4. expansion of scientific
knowledge
Absolutism
• Absolutism (absolute
monarchs)
• Absolute = Total (ALL!) Power
• Characteristics of absolute
monarchs
– Centralization of power
– Concept of rule by divine
right – authority to rule
comes directly from GOD!
Question: Can anyone
disagree with an absolute
monarch? Why?
Two Absolute Monarchs
Louis XIV
Peter the Great
France
Louis XIV – Sun-King
Absolute Monarch
–“L’etat, c’est moi.”
–“I am the State.”
– State = Gov’t
Question: What does
this mean?
Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles- a
symbol of royal power and wealth
Peter the Great –
Absolute monarchy in Russia
• Czar = Caesar = Absolute
monarch
• Peter the Great – unhappy
about the differences
between Russia (east) and the
major Western powers
(France, England, Prussia)
• Program of westernization –
make Russia more like the
West
Peter the Great: ruled 1699-1725
Peter tries to Westernize…
Peter takes a trip to Western European monarchies in 1697-1698….
Peterhof
St. Petersburg
Peter the Great conquers part of Finland to gain a port on the Baltic Sea
Peterhof = copy of Versailles,
symbol of royal power
Know these Five Things
1. Absolutism, or absolute monarchy, is the total control of government by one
individual, generally according to divine-right theory (individual receives authority to
rule from God).
2. Louis XIV, the Sun-King and absolute monarch, declared that “I am the State,” and led
France to a financially-challenged empire, but a worldwide empire.
3. Louis XIV built the palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal
power.
4. Peter the Great copied the model of absolutism throughout
Western Europe to make the Russian tsar an absolute
monarch.
5. Peter the Great built the Russian empire through
the process of westernization, by which he threw
out traditional Russian social, political,
philosophical ideas in favor of Western ideas.
Development of the rights of
Englishmen
Political democracy rests on the principle that
government derives power from the consent of
the governed. The foundations of English rights
include the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and
common law. The English Civil War and the
Glorious Revolution prompted further
development of the rights of Englishmen.
A quick review of the English Monarchy
Elizabeth I
•
•
•
•
•
Daughter of Henry VIII
Anglican Church
Tolerance for dissenters
Expansion and colonialism
Victory over the Spanish
Armada (1588)
Henry VIII
• Once known as the Defender
of the Faith
• Broke away from the Catholic
Church because he needed a
divorce
• Started his own Church in
England
James I
• Became King of England after
the death of Elizabeth I
• Frequently argued with
Parliament
When James I died his son, Charles I became the King of England, poor fellow
did not have a bright future ahead of him.
Charles I would be forced to sign the
Petition of Right which:
•
•
•
•
•
Limited the King’s power
Could not imprison subjects without due cause
Could not levy taxes
Could not house soldiers in private homes
Could not impose martial law in peace time
Charles I would ignore the Petition and
eventually ignite the English Civil War
The English Civil War was
basically a power struggle
between the English
monarchy beginning with
James I of the Stuart
dynasty and Parliament.
When the war broke out,
a Puritan leader led
Parliament’s troops
(known as the
Roundheads) against the
Cavaliers or supporters of
King Charles I.
CavaliersSupporters of the
King
Roundheads: Supporters of Parliament
and Oliver Cromwell
Things were not what the English people thought they would be
after the defeat and execution of Charles I.
After Parliament’s victory
in the war, Oliver
Cromwell ruled as “Lord
Protector” for a series of
years. His rule was
dictatorial and he did not
have a clear successor.
When he died the Stuart
dynasty was restored with
a king sometimes known
as the “Merry Monarch.”
Restoration: England restores its
Monarchy…a Merry Monarch
• Charles II named king,
he is the son of
Charles I
• Restored theater,
sporting events, and
dancing…all things
that Cromwell did not
allow.
Charles II dies
Parliament debated who
should inherit Charles’
throne
Whigs and Tories
• 1st Political Parties
• Whigs opposed James II
• Tories supported him
James II (brother to Charles II) was an unpopular King who
was an open and devout Catholic and made religion a
cause of conflict between the Parliament and the King.
When James and his second wife had a son in 1688, a
group of English noblemen asked the Dutch leader, (along
with his wife) to invade England. (his wife was James II’s
Protestant daughter). James II fled the country, and with
almost no bloodshed, The king and queen assumed the
throne.
And
who is
this
famous
couple
?
William and Mary
When Parliament offered
the throne to William and
Mary, William and Mary
had to agree to sign a
document which laid out
specific rights of Parliament
and placed limits on royal
power.
The Enlightenment
Applied reason to the human
world, as well as to the rest of
the natural world.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration
of Independence incorporated
Enlightenment ideas.
Stimulated religious tolerance
Fueled democratic revolutions
around the world
The Constitution of the United
States of America and Bill of
Rights incorporated
Enlightenment ideas.
Political philosophies of the
Enlightenment fueled the
American and French
Revolutions.
Enlightenment Thinkers
Thinker
Thomas
Hobbes
John Locke
Montesquieu
Jean Jacques
Rousseau
Voltaire
Writing
Leviathan
Ideas
Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and
consent to government for self-protection.
Two Treatises on
Government
People are sovereign and consent to government for
protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and
property.
The Spirit of Laws
The best form of government includes a separation of
powers.
The Social Contract
Government is a contract between rulers and the
people.
Religious toleration should triumph over religious
fanaticism; separation of church and state.
France before the Revolution
Old Regime
3 estates (classes)
• 1st Estate: Catholic Church (rich!)
• 2nd Estate: Nobility (rich!)
• 3rd Estate: 97% of population
King Louis XVI
Queen Marie Antoinette
Causes of the French Revolution
1. Influence of Enlightenment ideas
2. Influence of the American Revolution
The French Revolution was largely
caused by belief in Enlightenment
ideals and inspired by the success
of the American Revolution, but
the French people also revolted
due to the inequality of the Estate
system, the weakness of the
French monarch, and the collapse
of the French economy.
Events of the
French
Revolution
Storming of the
Bastille – July 14, 1789
Reign of Terror –
July 1793-July 1794
Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789
French peasants
and members of
the lower class
storm the Bastille
to gain weapons
Bastille = French
prison and
armory
David – The Death of Marat (1793)
Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre -- terrorist
• Triggered by the death of
Marat
• Committee of Public Safety
(they really were not about
public safety)
• Executed “enemies” of the
Revolution
• Led by Maximilien
Robespierre
• July 1793-July 1794
• Ended when Robespierre
himself executed by
endangered followers July
28, 1794
Rise of Napoleon
End of absolute
monarchy – Louis XVI
executed
Effects of the
French
Revolution
Rise of
nationalism
More democracy
Increase in
secular (nonreligious)
society
Napoleon
David – Consecration of Napoleon and
Coronation of Josephine (1806-07)
The Coronation of Napoleon
Napoleon’s Legacy…
1. Tried to unify all of Europe
2. Napoleonic Code
3. The growth of Nationalism
Napoleon’s Legacy was like T.N.T
Similar Map on page 525
Atlas pages
The Napoleonic Code, 1804
The Napoleonic Code included a clear set of laws
applicable to all members of French Society. The
Code would also be introduced into other parts
of Europe conquered by Napoleon.
Among other things, the Code stated that:
– All people were declared equal before the law.
– Trial by jury was guaranteed.
– Religious Freedom was guaranteed.
Napoleon’s Legacy…
1. Tried to unify all of Europe
2. Napoleonic Code
3. The growth of Nationalism
Napoleon’s Legacy was like T.N.T
The Growth of Nationalism
• Nationalism: refers to love of one’s country
American Revolution, French Revolution, Declaration of
the Rights of Man
The same ideals that had been fought for in America and
France, now appeared in the places Napoleon
conquered.
Failed to unify
Europe
Napoleonic Code
Effects of
Napoleon
Rise of
nationalism
Congress of Vienna
(1815) Tries to put
Europe back
together
Latin
American
revolts 
independence
Know these Five Things
1. The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 started the French Revolution, and
the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 demonstrated how the radicals took over the
French Revolution, and executed members of the nobility and monarchy.
2. The five major outcomes of the French Revolution were the end of the absolute
monarchy of Louis XVI by guillotine, the rise of Napoleon, the increase in secular
society, the rise of nationalism throughout Europe, and the increased amount of
democratic ideas spreading throughout Europe.
3. Despite Napoleon’s unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under France’s control,
he created the Napoleonic Code and awakened nationalism throughout Europe.
4. As an effect of the American and French Revolutions, England, France, Spain, and
Portugal lost colonies throughout the Americas. Democratic revolutions in Latin
America included the slave revolt of Toussaint L’Ouverture in Haiti and the
moderate revolt of Simon Bolivar in South America.
5. Art can be begin and sustain revolutions, but above all, art can be used to illustrate
the political and social values of its era.
Artists and their works
The sixteenth, seventeenth,
and eighteenth centuries
brought many changes in the
arts, literature, and political
philosophy.
The Age of Reason witnessed
inventions and innovations in
technology that stimulated
trade and transportation.
New schools of art and forms of literature
Painting depicted classical subjects, public
events, natural scenes, and living people
(portraits). New forms of literature evolved,
such as the novel.
Technologies
All-weather roads improved year- round
transport and trade. New designs in farm tools
increased productivity (agricultural revolution).
Improvements in ship design lowered the cost
of transport.
One famous
painting is…
Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix – actually from the Revolution of 1830, but
the idea is the same.
Author: Cervantes
Wrote Don Quixote
Composers
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Classical composer
Johann Sebastian Bach
Baroque composer
5 Things to Know about the Congress of Vienna
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe to pre-revolutionary
political and social concepts with a “balance of power,” legitimacy
(restoration of absolute monarchies), creation of buffer states, and a new
political map of Europe was also created.
The rise of national pride (nationalism) from resistance to Napoleon, popular
frustration with the conservative decisions of the Congress of Vienna,
economic competition between European countries, and an increase in
democratic ideals led to an increase in the desire for democratic revolutions
and liberalism throughout Europe.
The failure of democratic revolutions in 1848 throughout Europe created
increased political and social tension between the forces of conservatism and
liberalism.
Conservatism is the pro-stability, pro-absolutism, pro-aristocracy, antidemocracy, anti-revolution movement defined by people like Metternich and
events like the Congress of Vienna; Liberalism is the pro-democracy, prorevolution, anti-monarchy movement to expand political rights for the
everyday citizen of Europe.
Great Britain successfully expanded political rights through new laws and
made slavery illegal during the mid-19th century to prevent democratic
revolutions.
8a, b
Revolutions in Latin America
Latin American revolutions of the
nineteenth century were influenced
by the clash of European cultures in
the development of governments
and ruling powers.
Spanish conquests in Latin America
saw the rapid decline of native
populations and introduction of
slaves from Africa. Conquistadors
were given governmental authority
by the crown, becoming known as
viceroys.
Revolutions in Latin America
The American and
French Revolutions
took place in the late
1700s. Within twenty
years, the ideas and
examples of these
revolutions influenced
the people of Latin
America to establish
independent nations,
most notably in Haiti
and Mexico.
Major cities were
established as
outposts of colonial
authority.
•Havana
•Mexico City
•Lima
•São Paulo
•Buenos Aires
Conquistadors 
viceroys
Influence of the
Enlightenment, American
Revolution and French
Colonial cities
control colony
Causes of the
Latin American
Revolutions
Rise of
nationalism
The Catholic Church
had a strong
influence on the
development of the
colonies.
Creoles have no
political rights
Social Hierarchy, one of rigid class
structure
Europeans
living in the
New World
peninsulares
Creoles  Mestizos
Mulattoes
Imported slaves
conquered peoples
Creoles = born
in the Americas
of European
parents
Mestizos =
gradually gaining
more power over
time
Important Leaders in the
Latin American Revolutions
Simon Bolivar-South America
Native-born resident who led
revolutionary efforts. He
liberated the northern areas
of Latin America.
Important Leaders in the
Latin American Revolutions
Toussaint L’Ouverture-Haiti
Former slave who led Haitian
rebellion against French. He
defeated the armies of three
foreign powers: Spain, France,
and Britain.
Toussaint L’Ouverature-Haiti
Important Leaders in the
Latin American Revolutions
Father Miguel Hidalgo started
the Mexican independence
movement.
Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese
colonies.
C.
Locations of selected
countries that gained
independence during the
1800s
Mexico
Haiti
Colombia
Venezuela
Brazil
A.
E
B.
D
The Monroe Doctrine
What does this quote
mean?
“. . .that the American
continents, by the free
and independent
condition which they have
assumed and maintain,
are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for
future colonization by any
European powers. . .”
The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was
issued by President James
Monroe in 1823. The
United States would
regard as a threat to its
own peace and safety any
attempt by European
powers to impose their
system on any
independent state in the
Western Hemisphere.
Italy and Germany became nation-states long after the
rest of Europe.
Giuseppe Garibaldi –
Unifies Southern Italy
Unites w/North
(Baldi = South)
Count Cavour – unifies
Northern Italy
(Cavour = North)
Unification of Italy
Papal States join last
(1870)
(why?)
Nationalism + Liberalism
=
Unification
Unification of Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Southern Italy
Count
Cavour
• Gained control of
Northern Italy for
Sardinia
• Allied with France to
expel the Austrians
• Brilliant diplomat
Red Shirts
Nationalist rebels
in Southern Italy
Agrees to join the
North under the
rule of King Victor
Emanuel II
Unification of Germany –
• 39 German states made up
the German Confederation
• Prussia was the most
powerful Germanic state in
central Europe
Otto von Bismarck –
Realpolitik
Iron and Blood –
Bismarck uses
industry/war
+ nationalism
Unification of Germany
Franco-Prussian War
(1870)
Nationalism +
Conservatism
=
Unification
Unification of Germany
•
•
•
Wilhelm I is the King of Prussia
Otto von Bismarck named prime minister
Realpolitik
– “the politics of reality”
– Justifies all means to achieve and hold power
– Similar to Machiavelli, absolutism
“The questions of the
day will not be settled
by speeches or by
majority decisions…but
by iron and blood.”
Iron and Blood
•
•
•
Otto Von Bismarck
Sets out to unify the Germanic states (he’s
“going to pick a fight”
War with Denmark
Seven Weeks War 1866 (vs. Austria)
– Prussia gains control of Northern Germany
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
– Some southern German
states independent
– War with France would cause
them to join Germany
– Bismarck doctored a telegram
to insult France
– July 19, 1870 war declared by
France
– Now Bismarck can declare
war on France without
seeming to be the aggressor
(gains sympathy with the rest
of Europe)
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
• Germany whips France
• Capture Napoleon III &
80,000 men at Sedan
– Paris finally surrenders after
3 month siege
– France to pay Germany $1
Billion Marks
– Alsace and Lorraine ceded
to Germany
– France is bitter