Transcript Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism

REACTION AND REVOLUTION: THE
GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
REACTION AND REVOLUTION:
THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM




After Napoleon’s reign ended, Great European powers
moved to restore much of the old order
To arrange a final peace settlement between Britain,
Austria, Prussia and Russia
Met at the Congress of Vienna
Led by Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von
Metternich under principle of legitimacy rule
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
REACTION AND REVOLUTION

Map of Europe: 1812
EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER

What is conservatism?
Political philosophy based on tradition and social
stability
 Favored obedience to political authority and organized
religion
 Hated revolutions, unwilling to accept individual rights
or representative government
 Meetings to maintain peace in Europe called the
Concert of Europe
 Principle of intervention allowed great powers to send
armies to areas to kill revolutions and restore legitimate
monarchs to the throne

FORCES OF CHANGE

Liberalism

While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces
such as liberalism were spreading.

Liberals wanted







Freedom from government restraints
Protection of civil liberties, such as freedom of the press, speech, religion,
petition the government
Separation of church and state
government rule by constitution.
Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of
Rights.
Liberals did not believe in democracy, no individual right to vote
Favored mainly by industrial middle class
FORCES OF CHANGE

Nationalism
 People’s
awareness of being part of a community
with common institutions, traditions, language, and
customs.
 People owe loyalty to the nation

Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving
independence to nationalistic groups would upset the
balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna.

Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to
revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the
current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in
their rebellions.
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

France
King Louis Philippe refused to make changes and was
overthrown
 Radical Republicans took over and wrote a new
constitution
 Established a republic-government in which leaders are
elected
 Provisional government called for Constituent Assembly
and Universal Male Suffrage-all adult male vote
 Provisional government set up national workshops for
unemployed
 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte becomes new
president

THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
FRANCE
 Economic troubles in France led to a new
rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was
overthrown, and the new government
established the policy of universal male
suffrage.
 In 1848, a new constitution was ratified,
making the Second Republic the new
government of France.
REVOLUTION IN CENTRAL EUROPE

Germanic Confederation




38 loosely connected states
German and Prussian rulers promised a constitution, free
press, jury trials, an all German parliament-The Frankfurt
Assembly
Germany’s revolution failed due to Frankfurt Assembly had
no real power to enforce new constitution
Austrian Empire


Multinational state consisted of Germans, Czechs,
Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats,
Serbians, Italians caused many problems
Czech revolt in Bohemia was crushed, meaning the failure of
the Austrian Empire revolution
REVOLTS IN THE ITALIAN STATES
Italy was under the control of Austria
 Young Italy, the Italian unity movement, initially
succeeded
 Within a year, Austria reestablished control
 Revolts had failed

CONCLUSION
Liberalism and nationalism transformed the
world
 Revolts in Western Europe initially failed but
succeeded later
 Revolts in Eastern Europe succeeded, but
resulted in withdrawal of Britain and Russia
from world affairs

NATIONALISTIC REVOLTS IN LATIN
AMERICA

While Spain and Portugal were weak after Napoleon,
the Latin American states arose

Miguel Hidalgo
Revolutionary hero
 Gathered a large group of Indians and revolted against the Spanish
 Forces were crushed



Other Indians overthrew the Spanish and Augustin de
Iturbide was named the first emperor of Mexico.
In South America, Jose de San Martin and Simon
Bolivar led successful revolutions against the Spanish
THE DIFFICULTIES OF NATION BUILDING

The new nations had no experience in self governing




Tried to become republics
Soon they became ruled by militaristic force
Since Latin America was a major source of raw goods,
it soon became controlled by foreign powers
Military aristocracy took over much of the power

Caudillas
NATIONALISM IN THE BALKANS: THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EASTERN
QUESTION

The southern states under Ottoman control sought change,
especially at the Empire began to decline



Greece also broke away from the Turks
A year later, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire


British and French fleets also helped
Treaty of Adrianople



Serbia freed itself
Gave Russia protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia
Allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece
In 1830, Greece became an independent kingdom
THE CRIMEAN WAR




Russians and Turks fought because of Russian
demands for the right to protect Christian shrines in
Palestine
Turks, and later France and Britain, declared war on
Russia
During the war, Russia was defeated
Results



Russia was ashamed of the defeat and withdrew from the
world for 20 years
Austria had no allies
Helped Italy and Germany in becoming independent states.