Transcript industrialization and nationalism

INDUSTRIALIZATION
AND NATIONALISM
CHAPTER 10
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN ENGLAND
AROUND 1750, THE REST OF THE MODERN WORLD
REACHED INDUSTRIALIZATION BY 1850
 REASONS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, GROWTH
IN POPULATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, NEW
MARKETS, CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY
INVENTORS
 JAMES HARGRAVES-SPINNING JENNY
 EDMUND CARTWRIGHT-WATER POWERED
LOOM
 JAMES WATT-STEAM POWERED ENGINES
 HENRY CORT-PUDDLING(PROCESS OF
PURIFYING IRON BY OXIDATION)
 RICHARD TREVITHICK-STEAM
LOCOMOTIVE(THE ROCKET)
ROBERT FULTON-STEAMBOAT(CLERMONT)
INDUSTRIALIZATION
 MERCANTILISM
 NATIONS TRYING TO PROTECT THEIR
INDUSTRIAL SECRETS PASSED A VARIETY OF
PROTECTIVE LAWS
 PROHIBITED THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION,
LIMITED THE MOVEMENT OF SKILLED WORKERS
 SAMUEL SLATER-FOUNDER OF AMERICAN
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SOCIAL CHANGES
 CLASS BASED ON ECONOMICS-STARTING TO DEMAND
POWER TO MATCH ECONOMICS
 GROWTH OF CITIES-MODERNIZE, SLUMS-NEW TYPE OF
POVERTY,
 LABOR-WOMEN, CHILDREN, POOR WORKING
CONDITIONS, LOW PAY
 SOCIALIST IDEALS: KARL MARX-COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO(1848), ROBERT OWEN-COOPERATIVE
COMMUNITIES(SCOTLAND, NEW HARMONY, INDIANA)
BASED ON MORE’S BOOK UTOPIA, ADAM
SMITH(WEALTH OF NATIONS) LAISSEZ-FAIRE
REVOLUTIONS OF THE
1800’S
 IT HAS BEEN SAID “IF FRANCE SNEEZES EUROPE WILL
CATCH A COLD”
 THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1800’S CHANGED THE
POLITICAL SCENE OF EUROPE
 THESE REVOLUTIONS WERE BASED ON:
 LIBERALISM-A DEMAND FOR THE RIGHTS OF THE
PEOPLE, MORE RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENTS
 NATIONALISM-PEOPLE DEMANDING TO BE GOVERNED
ON THEIR OWN, TRYING TO PUSH FOREIGN INFLUENCES
OUT
REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1830’S
COUNTRY
FRANCE
BELGIUM
POLAND
ITALY
GROUP
THE FRENCH
PEOPLE
THE BELGUIM
PEOPLE
THE POLISH
PEOPLE
THE ITALIAN
PEOPLE
REASON
LIBERALISM
REACTIONARY
KING
NATIONALISM
AGAINST THE
DUTCH
NATIONALISM
NATIONALISM
AGAINST RUSSIA AGAINST
AUSTRIA
OUTCOME
NEW
MONARCHLOUIS-PHILIPPE
INDEPENDENT
STATE
FAILED
REVOLUTION
FAILED
REVOLUTION
REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1840’S
COUNTRY
FRANCE
GERMAN STATES
AUSTRIA
GROUPS
WORKING CLASS FRANKFORT
ASSEMBLY
NON-GERMANIC PEOPLE
REASON
LIBERALISM:
JOBS, VOTING
RIGHTS, NEW
CONSTITUTION
LIBERALISM:
INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS, VOTING
RIGHTS
NATIONALISM: SELF RULE
OUTCOME
SECOND
REPUBLIC LOUIS
NAPOLEON
ELECTED
PRESIDENT
FREDRICK
HUNGARY ALLOWED ITS
WILLIAM
OWN LEGISLATURE, OTHER
REFUSED TO BE
ETHNIC GROUPS DEFEATED
THE ELECTED KING
OF THE
CONFEDERATION
OF THE RHINE
NATIONALISM, UNIFICATION,
REFORM
 THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1840’S CHANGED THE POLITICS OF
EUROPE: OLD ALLIANCES WERE BROKEN AND NEW ONES
FORMED
 THE CRIMEAN WAR(1853) STARTED AS A CONFLICT BETWEEN
RUSSIA AND THE OTTOMAN TURKS, BUT OTHER EUROPEAN
NATIONS JOINED THE CONFLICT TO PROTECT THEIR INTEREST
 HEAVY LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES LEAD TO AN END TO THE WAR,
THE TREATY OF PARIS IN 1856
 RESULTS: RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA WERE NO LONGER ALLIES,
RUSSIA WITHDREW FROM EUROPEAN POLITICS, AUSTRIA WAS
NOW WEAK
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
 NOW WITH AUSTRIA WEAKENED ITALY WAS READY TO MOVE
AGAINST THEM AND CREATE A UNIFIED COUNTRY
 THE PIEDMONT KINGDOM FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH
FRANCE, THEN PROVOKED A WAR WITH AUSTRIA, WHICH THEY
WON
 WITH THIS VICTORY SMALL ITALIAN STATES PROPOSED
ANNEXATION FROM THE PIEDMONT FOR PROTECTION
 IN THE SOUTH GARIBALDI FORMED AN ARMY AND
CONQUERED THE SOUTHERN KINGDOMS, THEN FORMED AN
ALLIANCE WITH KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II, GIVING HIM THE
SOUTHERN KINGDOMS
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
 PRUSSIAN-AUSTRIAN WAR ALLOWED
PIEDMONT TO SEIZE VENETIA FROM AUSTRIA
(1866)
 FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR ALLOWED HIM TO
SEIZE ROME FROM FRANCE (1870)
 VICTOR MOVED THE CAPITAL TO ROME
 ITALY WAS OFFICIALLY UNIFIED ON
SEPTEMBER 20, 1870
GERMAN UNIFICATION
 IN 1848 THE FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY VOTED TO MAKE
FREDRICK WILLIAM IV KING; HE REFUSED TO BE KING BASED
ON POPULAR VOTE
 IN THE 1860’S WILLIAM I MOVED TO PRUSSIA A STRONG
MILITARISTIC NATION, THE LEGISLATURE REFUSED TO
SUPPORT THIS MOVE
 WILLIAM APPOINTED COUNT OTTO VON BISMARCK AS
CHANCELLOR
 BISMARCK BELIEVED IN REALPOLITIK, REFERRED TO AS THE
“IRON CHANCELLOR”, GOVERNED WITH WHAT WERE CALLED
POLICIES OF “BLOOD AND IRON”
GERMAN UNIFICATION
 BISMARCKS GOALS WERE TO MAKE PRUSSIA THE MOST
POWERFUL ECONOMIC NATION IN EUROPE THROUGH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOST POWERFUL MILITARY ON THE
CONTINENT
 HE IGNORED PARLIAMENT, IMPRISONED/KILLED OPPOSITION,
ENGAGED IN SUCCESSFUL WARS AGAINST AUSTRIA, DENMARK
AND FRANCE
 THROUGH HIS POLICIES AND THESE EVENTS; ON JANUARY 18,
1871 GERMANY ANNEXES THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE,
GERMANY IS UNIFIED AS A NATION
 WILLIAM I IS PROCLAIMED KAISER(EMPEROR) OF THE SECOND
REICH(EMPIRE) OF GERMANY
REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA
 THE NAPOLEONIC WARS OPENED THE DOOR FOR
REVOLUTION IN THE AMERICAS
 AS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WERE DISTRACTED BY
NAPOLEONS ARMIES, LATIN AMERICA TOOK
ADVANTAGE OF THE SMALL EUROPEAN FORCES LEFT
BEHIND TO MAINTAIN THE COLONIES
 THE CREOLES LOOKING AT THE EXAMPLE OF THE U.S.,
AND THE IDEALS OF ENLIGHTENED THINKERS WERE
MOTIVATED TO ACT
REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA
 HAITI-1804, TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE STARTED A
SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REBELLION ON THE ISLAND OF
HISPANIOLA AGAINST FRENCH OFFICIALS, JEANJACQUES DESSALINES FINISHED THE CONFLICT AND
DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF HAITI
 MEXICO-1810, FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO STARTED
THE REVOLUTION AGAINST SPAIN, THE CONFLICT
ENDED IN 1821, AGUSTINE DE ITURBIDE FINISHED
THE WAR, THEN DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF
MEXICO
LOVUERTURE
DESSALINES
REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA
 SOUTH AMERICA-1810, LED BY SIMON BOLIVAR(GEORGE
WASHINGTON OF SOUTH AMERICA) JOSE SAN DE MARTIN
 BOLIVAR WANTED TO CREATE THE UNITED SOUTH AMERICAN
STATES, BUT LOCAL LANDOWNERS FEARED LOSING POWER
 BOLIVAR AND MARTIN LED SEPARATE CONFLICTS LIBERATING
INDIVIUAL AREAS THEN IN 1824 THEY UNITED FORCES TO
COMPLETE THE DEFEAT OF SPAIN
 TO ENSURE NON-INTERFERENCE IN THE AMERICAS BY
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, U.S. PRESIDENT JAMES MONORE
ISSUED THE MONROE DOCTRINE
CULTURAL CHANGES
 ROMANTICISM-WAS AN INTELLECTUAL
MOVEMENT THAT STRESSED FEELINGS,
EMOTIONS, AND IMAGINATION
 ARTISTIC WORKS FEATURED 2 THEMES:
1 ART SHOULD REFLECT INNER
FEELINGS; 2 ART SHOULD REFLECT
WARMTH AND EMOTIONS
CULTURAL CHANGES
 BEETHOVEN EMBODIED THE MUSIC OF THE
TIME
 LITERATURE:
 SIR WALTER SCOTT-IVANHOE
 MARY SHELLY-FRANKENSTEIN
 EDGAR ALLEN POE-THE RAVEN; HORROR AND
SUSPENSE
CULTURAL CHANGES ART
JOHAN DAHL
CULTURAL CHANGES ART
JOHN RUSKIN
CULTURAL CHANGES ART
JOHN MARTIN
CULTURAL CHANGES
 PHILOSOPHY: SECULARISM-MOVE
FROM RELIGIOUS THOUGHT, EMPHASIS
ON THE WORLD AND HUMAN
PERSPECTIVES
 CHARLES DARWIN-ON THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL
SELECTION(1859); THE DESCENT OF
MAN(1871)
CULTURAL CHANGES
 AFTER THE 1850’S CULTURE WAS
INFLUENCED BY REALISM
 REALISM WAS AN EFFORT TO DESCRIBE
LIFE AS IT EXISTED
 GUSTAVE COURBET WAS CONSIDERED
THE LEADER OF REALISM ARTWORK
THE WOUNDED MAN
CULTURAL CHANGES IN LITERATURE
 GUSTAVE FLAUBERT-MADAME BOVERY
 CHARLES DICKENS-OLIVER TWIST,
DAVID COPPERFIELD, A CHRITMAS
CAROL
 MARK TWAIN-HUCK FINN, TOM
SAWYER
 HARRIET BEECHER STOWE-UNCLE
TOM’S CABIN