Transcript stamp napoleon iii

The Age of Revolution and
The Industrial Revolution
1750-1914
The Age of Revolution
• Intellectual change, commercial growth,
increasing population pressure and placid
politics  Revolution
• 1775 – American Revolution
• 1789 – The French Revolution
• 1848 – Year of Revolution
Why did the revolutions occur?
• Enlightenment  challenge governments
without popular support
• Intellectuals and leaders were no longer
aligned
• Epistolary Novels
• Wealthy middle class, not involved in
government from commercial revolution
Another Factor: Population
Revolution
• France = 50%, Britain and Prussia = 100%
• Because of better control of borders and
better nutrition
• More surviving children
• More people in the working class  more
protests
• More manufacturing goods being created
and bought
Other Changes
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Increase in cities
Fashionable dress
Premarital sex and births
Decline in parental authority
• Social dissatisfaction + new political ideas
 Revolutions
The American Revolution
• 1775 – Independence or Revolution?
• A vocal minority resisted new taxes and controls from
England
• British political theory required representation
• The Stamp Act
• Overpopulation in cities and Farmers
• 1776
• British Military blunders
• French involvement
• 1789 – new government, based on enlightenment with
formal guarantees to the people, but social structure
remained untouched – including slavery
The French Revolution: The Long
Term Causes
• Led to huge changes in Europe and then
the whole world
• Enlightenment  limit the church and the
monarchy
• Middle Class emerged and wanted a say
• Peasants living under land lord domination
• The French government refused to reform
and was ineffective
The Short-Term Causes
• Bad harvests  economic slump of 1787
and 1788
• Louis XVI called the Estates General to
discuss tax reform and Tennis Court Oath
• Middle class want a parliament
• Riots before the King consents
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen
• Storming of the Bastille and estates
• Attacking the Church
The French Revolution in Action
• Civil War in France about the direction of
the country
• Towards a European war
• Abolishing the Monarchy
• Reign of Terror – Robespierre
• Replacing ALL of the old culture
• Universal military conscription – spreading
revolution
• End of Robespierre
The Rise of Nationalism and
Napoleon
National anthem
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• Replacing older loyalties – church and
locality
• You have a duty to your country
• Four years of moderates – the Directory
• Egypt and Bonaparte takes over
• 1812 – most of western Europe  Russia
• The Alliance led by Britain → Elba
• Nationalism, Equality and attacking the
privileged
Cleaning Up After Napoleon
• Nationalism outside of France
• Congress of Vienna (1815)
– Did not punish France too strongly
– Huge gains for Russia, Britain, Prussia and
Piedmont
– Peace between the nations
– Conservatives
• But the people were not conservatives
– Individual rights and political representation
– Liberals – limit state interference and voting
rights, protection of freedoms, education,
middle class
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The Radicals
Democracy
Help the lower classes
Socialism – Private property and workers
All under banner of nationalism
Students and urban artisans
Revolutions – 1820 and 1830 (Italy,
Germany and Belgium)
• Greek Revolution
• French Revolution of 1830
• The Progressives – US and England
– Voting rights, solid parliaments, religion
The Revolutions of 1848
• Another French Revolution – Napoleon III
• Demand rights of workers and women
• Germany, Austria and Hungary
– Constitutions and limited monarchy
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German and Italian Nationalists
Slavic groups in Austria
Middle class opposed rights for workers
Russia abolishes serfdom (1861)
Most failed because life was getting better
through industrialization and better police
→ slower reforms
Money over Social Status: Life after
the Revolutions and in
Industrialization
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Britain – 50% in urban areas by 1850
Improvement in sanitation, crime rates
and death rates in the city
Parks, museums, food and housing
regulation
Lower birth rates, children as a luxury
Corporations doubled (1860-1873)
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Stock market with individual investors
Labor leaders, Peasant cash crops
Realpolitik: Politics after the
Revolutions
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Britain give the vote to workers 1867
Rights granted to Jews, voting for all men
Nationalism as a conservative force and in
foreign policy
Attacking Austria to Unite Italy → papal power
Otto von Bismarck Prussia → Germany
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Denmark, Austria, France
American Civil War
Democracy for Europe – Liberal vs
Conservatives
Life after the Revolutions and in
Industrialization
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Civil service exams
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Compulsory eduction until the age of 12
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Chinese have been doing this for
centuries
Work skills, political loyalty, nationalism
and attacking minorities
Girls vs. Boys
Welfare (replacing churches and family)
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Combat socialism
Accident, illness, unemployment and old
age
The Social Question
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Socialist and Feminist groups
Socialism
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Working class – exploitative labor
Work and rewards are shared without
capitalist competition
Marxism
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Karl Marx and Frederick Engels writing
from 1848 to 1860
Socialists = not realistic, there is no
utopia
Marxist Theory
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Final phase of history according to
science
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Monarchies (Aristocracy) → Capitalism
(Middle Class) → Socialism (Workers)
Those who control the means of
production vs. the workers
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Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
Transitional period of dictatorship to end
full control of bourgeoisie
Full freedom, no state, classless society
of people just doing what they want to do
to be creative and equal benefits
Initial Impact of Marxism
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Practical political parties
Cut into liberal base
Largest political party in Germany in 1900
Strong minority
Scared the middle class
Strikes and Unions
Revisionist socialists – slow reform
instead of violence
Feminism
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Equality in professions, education and
voting
Women should bring their knowledge of
the home into politics
1914-1928 – Most nations give women
the vote
Radical Feminism – public disturbances,
violence, hunger strikes
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Leisure Time 1850-1914
Production higher than demand
Advertising
Bicycles
Newspapers
– Human interest over reason or political principles
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Music Hall and Vaudeville
Towards the motion picture
Vacations
Sport teams – official rules, commercial,
irrational community loyalties
• 1896 – Olympics
 Secularism
Turn of the 20th Century Science
• Science  agriculture
• Charles Darwin – 1859
– Christian clash
– Weakened religion
– Nature = random struggle
• Albert Einstein – Relativity
• Social sciences
• Sigmund Freud
Romanticism
• Emotion and impression over reason and
truth
• Bring readers to tears
• Drama without plot
• Abstract painting and sculptures
• Showing that the world was not as neat
and rational as the sciences were trying to
convey them to be
The United States 1823-1900
• The Monroe Doctrine
• Louisiana Purchase, acquisition of Texas,
Mexican-American War and California gold
rush
• Land of freedom to immigrants – Germany
and Ireland
• Civil War
– Heavy industrialization
• 1898 – Spanish American War
Canada, Australia and New
Zealand in the 19th Century
• Remained part of the British Empire
• Dependent on the British b/c mostly agriculture
• Increasing self rule and following European
trends
• Canada
– Catholic uprisings
– Creation of Quebec
• Australia
– Aborigines
– Convicts until 1853
– Gold rush
• New Zealand
– Maori
Trouble in Europe: Pre-World War I
• A unified and growing Germany
– Wants colonies
• Italy to Libya
• The Ottoman Empire
– Small Balkan nations with strong nationalism
– Threatened Austria with large southern Slav population
– Russia wanted to protect Slavs
• 1914 – Serbian Nationalist killed Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
• Russia protects Serbia and attacked Austria
• Germany declared war on Russia
• Britain declared war on Germany
• Prior diplomatic tensions
• “A good quick war”