Transcript The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914

The Emergence of Industrial
Society in the West, 1750-1914
Ch 28
Pg 622
Age of Revolution
• Intellectual change + commercial growth+
population pressure = shattering of placid
politics, series of revolutions
Forces of Change
• Enlightenment thinkers challenged the
existing regimes.
• Cultural change + commercialization 
stirred the economy
• Population revolution – 50-100%
increases!
– Effects on aristocracy
– protoindustrialization
American Revolution
French Revolution - 1789
Napoleon Bonaparte
Emperor
Directory
5 people
Absolute monarchy
Louis XVI 
limited monarchy
Radical phase
Maximilien Robespierre
Reign of Terror
Conservative Settlement & the
Revolutionary Legacy
– Congress of Vienna (1815) – peace settlement
between Bonaparte & surrounding countries
• Conservatives – wanted a restoration of
monarchy
• Liberals focused on issues of the political
structure
• Radicals – accepted most liberal demands, but
also wanted wider voting rights
– Democracy!
– Socialism!
• Nationalists allied with liberalism or radicalism –
urged the importance of national unity & glory
• Greek revolution – 1820 – against the
Ottoman rule
– Key to eventual fall of Ottoman Empire in
Balkans
• Rebellion in Spain – 1820
• Revolution in France – 1830
• Belgian Revolution – 1830
Reform (not revolution)
• Britain – Reform Bill of 1832, gave parliamentary
vote to most middle-class men
• United States – Universal male suffrage (except
for slaves)
• 1830s – many European nations had
– solid parliaments
– guarantees for individual rights against arbitrary state
action
– religious freedom
– democratic voting system
Consolidation of the Industrial
Order
• Railroads & canals linked cities 
industrialization & urbanization
– Majority living in cities (1st time in history)
– Sanitation improved
– Death rates fell below birth rates
– Efficient police forces
• Social control … more disciplined population
Industrial Life
• Majority living above subsistence level
• Revolution in children’s health
– Infant mortality rates dropped
– Better hygiene
• Corporations increased in western Europe
– Stock-holder
– Unions & strikes
– Peasant protests declined
• Cooperatives
• Isolation of village life declines
Political Trends, New Nations
• Political leaders worked to reduce the need for
political revolution
– Compromise on both sides (liberal / conservative)
• Disraeli, di Cavour, von Bismarck
– Force of nationalism … no longer radical
• Italy united  reduce the political power of the Pope
• Prussia expands, leading to outright German unity
• American Civil War
– Parlimentary systems, democracies (of sorts)
Social Questions, New Gov’t
Functions
• Schooling expanded
• Civil service systems expanded
• Schools encouraged social agendas,
nationalism, superiority of one’s
language/history
• Wider welfare measures
• Socialism, Karl Marx – vilifies capitalism,
socialism seen as ideological purity
• Feminism – legal & economic gains
Cultural transformations
• Consumption! Leisure! (western)
– Growth of white collar labor force
– Newspapers, theatres, revues, etc.
– Team sports
• More impulsive side to popular outlook –
display of passion!
Science & Arts
• New activity was secular
• Rationalism continues
– Practical application of sci / tech
– Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Sigmund
Freud
• Romanticism in art – emphasis of artistic
value, glorified the irrational; emotion &
impression, not reason & generalization
– Seurat (sci applied to art)
Western Settler Societies
• Production of goods, need new markets,
need raw materials
• Industrialization & practical application –
military tech
• Rapid Western expansion through Africa,
SE Asia, China, MidEast.
Rise of US
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1823: Monroe Doctrine
1803: LA purchase
1840s “new” immigration
1861-65: Civil War – turning point
– Dichotomy between N/S, values, national unity
– Accelerated industrialization, RR, canals, agricultural
productivity
• Diplomacy not particularly influential outside of
the Western Hemisphere
Canada, Australia, NZ
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Immigration filled these places
Parliamentary legislatures
Commercial economies
Modeled after West, not nec unique in
culture
– Canada: French / English
• Economies more dependent on Europe
than US’
• Same basic patterns of civilization, politics,
culture, leisure.
WW1: war of ism’s
• Nationalism, Militarism, Imperialism
• Entangling Alliances
• Diplomatic tensions
– Triple Alliance: Germany, Austial-Hungary,
Italy
– Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
– Balkan nationalism