Transcript period05_10_2x

Maggie C, Nancy, Brittany, Angeleah, Jinhoo, Paige, Demetris, Melissa
Philosophers and their Effects
 Hobbes:
 Absolute Monarchy
 Author of Leviathan (1651 )
 Social contract: authoritarian ruler to prevent disorder
-Helped develop democracy
Locke
 Believed that people could overthrow their government if they failed
to protect their rights
 Natural Rights: Life, liberty, and property
 Author of Two Treatises of Government (1690)
Voltaire
 Aka Fraçois Marie Arouet
 Freedom of Speech
 Tolerance
 Freedom of religion
 Use of satire in his writings which caused him time in prison
Rousseau and Montesquieu
 Rousseau
 Montesquieu
 Individual freedom
 Separation of powers
 Believed that man was good
 Britain was the best governed
- the best government comes
from the people
 Author of the Social Contract
(1762)
 Wrote On The Spirit of Laws
(1748)
 The use of checks and balances
in U.S
Beccaria and Wollstonecraft
 Beccaria
 Wollstonecraft
 Abolish torture
 Women’s rights
 Speedy trial
 Published A Vindication of the
 Ideas based on principle that the
government should seek the
greatest for the greatest number
of people
Rights of Woman (1792)
Natural Philosophers
 Aristotle/Ptolemy- Geocentric theory
 Copernicus- Heliocentric theory
-On the Revolution of the Heavily Bodies (1543)
 Tycho Brahe- Recorded accurate movement of the planets
-Kepler continued Brahe’s work on the mathematical side
Galileo
 Studied astronomy by making his own telescope
 Published Starry Messenger (1610)
 Disapproved Aristotle's theories
 He went before the inquisition
 He was in house arrest for the rest of his life
Bacon and Descartes
 Helped develop the scientific method
 Bacon thought that scientist should make experiments
and create their own conclusions called empiricism
 Descartes created analytical geometry, which is a
combination of algebra and geometry
Isaac Newton
 He studied math and physics at Cambridge
 He discovered gravity;the same force ruled motion
 Published a book called The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy (1687)
 One of the most important scientific books written
Scientific Inventions
 Zacharias Janssen- first telescope (1590)
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- first observation of bacteria and blood cells
(1670)
 Evangelista Torricelli- mercury barometer (1643)
 Gabriel Fahrenheit- thermometer (1714)
 Andres Celsius-other scale for thermometer (1742)
Medicine & Chemistry
 Galen- Studied anatomy of animals
 Flemish Andreas Vesalius disproved Galen, On the Structure of the
Human Body (1543)
 British physician Edward Jenner- smallpox late (1700s)
 Robert Boyle- “Founder of Modern Chemistry”, Skeptical Chemist (1661
)
Magna Carta
 Written by nobles in 1215 to King John
 Expressed individual rights & liberties
 Limited King’s power
 Included due process of law, King could not willfully punish his
subjects
English Bill of Rights
 Made by Parliament in 1689
 Accepted by Mary and William
 Limited Monarch’s power
 People had the right to petition the King
American Declaration of
Independence
 Written on July 4, 1776 by Thomas Jefferson
 People of the United States received independence from King
 George III
 English Bill of Rights represents man’s unalienable rights
French Declaration of the Rights of
Man and Citizen
 Written by the National Assembly
 Influenced by American Declaration of Independence
 Guaranteed rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression
U.S. Bill of Rights
 Purpose: to gain support of Anti-federalist
 Added to the constitution
 Contain the 10 amendments
 Practiced by freedom of speech, press, assembly and religion
Effects on the World
 England’s Glorious Revolution brought political developments:
- A constitutional monarchy
- Individual liberties
- The English Bill of Rights
- Restrict punishment of a monarch to a citizen without Parliament's con
sent
- Forbid cruel and unusual punishment
- A group of government officials represented a major party of
parliament, and were the link between that party and monarch. The
cabinet is still in use today in the English government
Rising Tension Between Britain &
Colonies
 Stamp Act (1765)
- Colonist were taxed to have official stamps on wells, deeds, etc.
- Argued that “no taxation without representation”
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Boston Tea Party (1773)
Colonist protest an import tax on tea
They dumped a huge amount of tea into the Boston Harbor
The battle of Lexington took place in Lexington, Massachusetts
The first battle sparked a revolution in the United States
Struggles to Independence
 Colonist made Declaration of Independence
 War broke out between Britain & colonist
- American won in 1781
- Help from France which was Britain’s rival
Effects on the World
 Americans Revolution inspired the French
- The French sought reform in their own country
- They longed for a government like the new U.S.
- government
- Full of Enlightenment ideas
• The Declaration of Independence
Political and Social Estates in
France
 Nobles and Clergy enjoyed their privileges and did not pay taxes
 Some nobles had the same status of the common people
 The common people had to pay taxes and lacked privileges
 The Nobles outvoted them when it came to politics and freedom
Bankruptcy in the Government
 Louis XIV spend too much
 Hardly listen to his government advisers
 His wife Marie Antoinette caused double the debt for the government
 He also failed to fix his financial situation though he dismissed his
ministers
 Raised the taxes on essential needs
 By 1789, the government called for bankruptcy
Influenced by the American
Revolution and Enlightenment
 Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and
Rousseau
 The French people wanted to overthrow the king
 Saw the success of the American Revolution
 Encouraged themselves to fight for their freedom
The Revolution of France
 Louis XIV forced a meeting of the Estates General
 The three states had to approve a new tax
 The French people took their anger out by attacking
the Bastille.
Revolution Brings Reform and
Terror
 The Reign of Terror was led by Maximilien Robespierre
 Tried to change and erase the past of France
 The guillotine executed 50 people per day
 250,00o people were imprisoned
 Everyone who did not like the new policies was considered a threat to
France
 Later in July of 1794, Robespierre was arrested and executed by the
members of the National Convention.
Napoleonic Empire
 Napoleon supported laws to strengthen the central government and
to achieve some revolution goals
 Better control of the economy was grasped by the setting up of effective
tax collecting method and the making of a national banking system by
Napoleon
 Demand for equality, liberty, and democracy
 Action was also taken to end corruption and inefficiency in the govern
ment by dismissing corrupt officials and getting officials that were
trained
Effects on the World
 The Congress of Vienna influence the world politics
for 100 years
 Established and maintained balance of power and size
in France
 Nationalism spread throughout Europe
 Created equality and justice for all people of Europe
Causes of Nationalism
 Nationalism was introduced by people who thought
that people with same nationality or culture should be
ruled under a single government
 It was affected by the Congress of Vienna
 Especially in the countries which were ruled by other
group wanted Nationalism
Nationalism
 Most powerful European governments opposed
revolutions.
 By the 1830’s the Congress of Vienna began to break
down
 Nationalist as well as liberals began to openly revolt
against conservative governments
 By the Mid 1830’s the old order began to reestablish
After the Revolution
 In 1848 Revolution many gains that were made by the
liberals were lost
 European politics continued to go back and forth
between the nationalist and the Congress of Vienna
 This seesaw came to a stand still when Napoleon
Bonaparte won the presidential election of France in
December 1848; as a result of the moderate
constitution that was drawn up in order to settle the
differences between the radical groups throughout
France.
Effects on the World
 Austrian Empire begun to break up itself as some
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independent states.
The Russian Empire of czars was broken up because of
the Nationalism.
The Ottoman Empire granted equal citizenship to all
the people under its rules.
Italy was united by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Germany was united by Bismarck
Many countries which was made up with many
different group broke up into several states