Transcript The Return of the Review: 1715

The Return of the Review: 1715 - 1850
A. GLOBAL ECONOMY:
1. Political: The dominant political structure was dynastic with the
exceptions of England and Holland.
2. Economic: Mercantile empires dominated the Atlantic seaboard.
3. Social: The mercantile class, especially in Britain and Holland, grew
in importance.
4. Conflicts: Wars for empire were fought for the New World and India.
B. NEW BALANCE OF POWER:
More formalized alliance system to check any attempts at hegemony
but major powers grew in power and influence.
C. ENLIGHTENMENT:
1. 18TH century intellectual revolution that challenged and permeated
all aspects of European society.
2. Objectives: create rational and uniform society
3. Scientific Revolution’s principles applied to laws governing society.
D. OLD REGIME (ANCIEN REGIME):
1. Political: divine right absolute monarchy with the exception of
England, Netherlands and minor republics
2. Economic: largely agrarian society with industry developing slowly
in England – some major commercial centers – hangovers
from feudal period still abound ie… Trade Guilds and
provincial tariffs.
3. Social: rigid feudal class structure
4. Religious: established churches
E. ENLIGHTENED THINKERS:
1. Political: all agree on need for restructuring but disagree on new
structure of society e.g., Montesquieu’s separation of
powers, Voltaire’s enlightened despotism, Rousseau’s
“republicanism”
2. Social: generally attacked aristocratic and feudal culture with heavy
stress on individualism
3. Economic: Laissez faire – physiocrats
4. Religious: toleration - deism
Section II: FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON:
A. CAUSES
1. Political: incompetent monarchy – example of American Revolution
– rising demands of the bourgeoisie
2. Economic: bankruptcy of French government\
3. Social: tremendous class antagonism – especially between nobles
and upper middle-class
4. Intellectual: ideas of Enlightenment
B. RADICALISM of the FRENCH REVOLUTION
1. change begets more change – no clear program revolution – need
for more inventive ways to control the mob
2. Thermidorean Reaction: return and need for law and order on the
part of the middle class
C. SLOGANS
1. LIBERTY: ideal of individual rights – constitutional government –
representative government
2. EQUALITY: legal equality – equality before the law
3. FRATERNITY: concept of nationalism and humanitarianism
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON cont…
D. NAPOLEON’S CONTRIBUTIONS
Politically confiscated revolution in France but spread ideals of the
Revolution throughout Europe and in the Code Napoleon.
E. CONTINENTAL SYSTEM
Napoleon’s attempt to create Continental blockade to strangle England
economically.
F. WESTPHALIA AND CONGRESS OF VIENNA
Westphalia recognized the sovereignty of states while Vienna was
concerned with the balance of power. Westphalia recognized what
existed while Vienna tried to suppress what had emerged (democratic
ideals and nationalism)
SECTION III: THE AGE OF METTERNICH:
A. CONCERT OF EUROPE:
1. Purpose – Concert of Europe aimed to suppress revolutions – to
stop nationalism and return to a pre-French Revolution
world
2. Methods – Quadruple and Quintuple alliances
B. ISMS
1. Liberalism – belief in natural goodness of man – need for
parliamentary democracy – support for “Liberty,
Equality, and Fraternity.” – still a middleclass dominance
2. Conservatism – fundamental distrust of human nature – restoration
of the Old Order – need for strong government,
usually monarchy – supported by landed aristocracy
and the Church
3. Republicanism – extreme form of liberalism where monarchy is
ended and universal manhood suffrage is
established.
ISMS cont…
4. Socialism: extreme form of republicanism arguing for economic
equality
5. Humanitarianism: subtle reform movement that permeated all
political and class structures based on ideals of
Christianity and the French Revolutionary
concept that all people have rights.
6. Romanticism: visionary movement with different applications in
different nations
C. CRACKS IN THE CONCERT OF EUROPE, 1830-38:
1. REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 - success of revolutions in Greece and
Spanish Latin America proved the
ineffectiveness of the Congress system to
suppress ideas of liberalism and
nationalism
2. LOUIS PHILLIPE – 1830 revolutions imposed bourgeois monarch
3. REFROM BILL of 1832 – liberal measure to prevent upheaval in
Britain
4. REVOLUTIONS of 1848 – sweeping impact of ideas of liberalism and
nationalism could not be suppressed even
though individual revolutions were crushed
SECTION IV: THE AGE OF REALPOLITIK
A. Post-1848 Mood
1. CAVOUR – liberal politician used war and diplomacy to
forge Italy
2. NAPOLEON III – manipulation of the masses, name
recognition, interest in socialism
3. BISMARCK – tough-minded conservative – creator of the
German Empire – used diplomacy to
maintain the Empire
4. MARX – attacked the social exploitation created by the
Industrial Revolution and proposed that a new
order could only be achieved through
revolution
5. CRIMEAN WAR – new vision of power politics and
diplomacy
B. Methods of Creating Nation States
1. Cavour – manipulative wars, diplomacy and alliances
2. Bismarck – manipulative wars
3. Alexander II – freed serfs – continued policies of
Russification
4. Franz Joseph – creation of Dual Monarchy
5. Lincoln – civil war
6. Mutsuhito – Meiji Restoration (look it up!)
SECTION V: AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
A. Effects of Industrialization:
1. Political – growing influence and power of bourgeoisie –
extended suffrage – gradual governmental
response to the plight of the working class
2. Economic – tremendous growth of capital – mass
production – penetration of the world for
markets and resources
Effects of Industrialization cont…
3. Social – mass societies – new social divisions between
rich and poor – greater social importance of the
bourgeoisie as the new aristocrats
B. Industrial nation states adopted the philosophy of
economic liberalism which was further strengthened by the
ideas of Social Darwinism in the late 19th century.
Countries adopted those aspects of the philosophy
suitable to their own ends.
C. Contributions to theory of Industrial Capitalism
1. Smith – Wealth of Nations – idea of laissez faire
2. Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages
3. Malthus – “Essay on Population”
D. IDENTIFICATIONS:
1. Anti-Corn Law League – English liberals intent on
eliminating the tariff on grain
and instituting free trade
2. Factory Act, 1833 – limited workday for children eighteen
and mandated education for children
under nine
3. Reform Bill of 1832 – shifted control of House of
Commons to commercial and
industrial middle class by
enfranchising the middle class and
reapportioning Commons.
4. Chartism – English city workers strived for universal
manhood suffrage, secret ballot, annual
elections, pay for members of Parliament,
and removal of property qualifications for
members of Parliament.
E. CHART ON REVOLUTIONS:
1. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION:
Causes – 17th Century struggle between king and parliament in
England: religious issue
Leadership – Whigs and Tories combined to oppose the king
Extremes – treatment of dissenters and Catholics
Final Outcome – Government balance between king and
Parliament, which established the character
of modern England.
2. AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Causes – economic and political differences between American
colonies and England
Leadership – Yankee and Virginian aristocrats
Extremes – treatment of dissenters and Catholics
Final Outcome – American independence – end of
mercantilism – establishment of Classical
Republic
E. Chart on Revolutions cont…
3. FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Causes – inept monarchy – social antagonisms – class
distinctions too great
Leadership – aristocrats versus king in first stage – middle
class versus aristocracy which gave way to the
rise of radicals and the mob – finally the
Thermidorean Reaction (return to stability)
Extremes – conservative pro-monarchists versus radical
republicans with every shade of the political
spectrum in between
Final Outcome – the rise of Napoleon
4. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION:
Causes – autocratic tsar – tremendously backward economy
Leadership – middle class intellectuals who were overthrown
by Bolsheviks
Extremes – Whites vs. Reds
Final Outcome – Soviet Union