Transcript Chapter 21

Reaction, Revolution, and
Romanticism,
1815 - 1850
Chapter 21
The Conservative Order (1815 – 1830)
The Peace Settlement
Quadruple Alliance: Great
Britain, Russia, Austria,
Prussia
Congress of Vienna (1814 –
1815)
• The principal of legitimacy
• A new balance of power
Conservative Ideology
From Edmund Burke, Reflections on
the Revolution of France
Obedience to political authority
Organized religion was crucial to
social order
Hated revolutionary upheavals
Unwilling to accept liberal demands
or representative government
Europe after the Congress of Vienna
Conservative Domination: The Concert
of Europe
The Concert of Europe - Congresses
Quintuple Alliance
Principle of intervention
• Spain and Italy
The Revolt of Latin America
Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled
L. A.countries begin independence
• Simón Bolivar (1783-1830)
• José de San Martín (1778-1850)
Britain began to dominate L. A. economy
The Greek Revolt, 1821-1832
Intervention could support
revolution as well
Greek revolt in, 1820
Britain, France, Russia at war
Treaty of Adrianople, 1829
Latin America in the early 9th Century
Conservative Domination: The European
States
Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
Landowning classes dominate
Parliament
Tory and Whig factions; Tories
dominate
Restoration in France
Louis XVIII (r. 1814 – 1824)
Ultraroyalists
Intervention in the Italian States
and Spain
Conservative reaction against the
forces of nationalism and liberalism
Repression in Central Europe
Metternich and forces of reaction
Liberal and national movements in
Germany
Karlsbad Decrees (1819)
Russia
Rural, agricultural, and
autocratic
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Nicholas I (1825-1855
The
Balkans
by 1830
Ideologies of Change
Liberalism
• Economic liberalism (classical
economics)
 Laissez-faire
• Political liberalism
 Ideology of political liberalism
• David Ricardo (1772-1823),
• John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
 Supported Women’s rights
 On the Subjection of Women
Nationalism
•Part of a community with common
institutions, traditions, language,
and customs
•The community is called a “nation”
•Nationalist ideology
•Allied with liberalism
Nineteenth-Century Europe
Early Socialism
Utopian Socialists
Charles Fourier (1772 –
1838)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Louis Blanc (1813 – 1882)
Female Supporters
Flora Tristan (1803 – 1844)
Revolution and Reform,
1830-1850
Another French Revolution
Charles X (1824-1830)
• Revolt by liberals
Louis-Philippe (1830-1848)
• The bourgeois monarch
• Constitutional changes favor the
upper bourgeoisie
Revolutionary Outbursts in
Belgium, Poland, and Italy
Austrian Netherlands given to
Dutch Republic
Revolt by the Belgians
Revolt attempts in Poland and
Italy
The Revolution of 1830
Reform in Great Britain
The Reform Act of 1832
New political power for industrial
urban communities
Benefited the upper middle class
New Reform Legislation
Poor Law of 1834
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)
The Revolutions of 1848
France Revolution
Corruption, and failure to initiate
reform
Louis-Philippe abdicates, 2/24/1848
Provisional government established
• Elections by univ. manhood suffrage
• Split between mod. and liberal
republicans
Second Republic established
• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
12/48
The Revolutions of 1848 – 1849
Revolution in Central Europe
Spreads – French inspired
Frederick William IV (18401861)
• Frankfurt Assembly
Austrian Empire
• Louis Kossuth, Hungary
• Metternich flees the country
• Hungary’s wishes granted
• Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)
Revolts in the Italian States
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
Young Italy, 1831
Goal: a united Italy
Cristina Belgioioso (1808-1871)
Charles Albert (r. 1831 – 1849)
The Failures of 1848
Division within the
revolutionaries
Radicals and liberals
Divisions among
nationalities
Maturing of the United States
Constitution contained liberalism
and nationalism
Alexander Hamilton-Federalist
Thomas Jefferson-Republican
John Marshall (1755-1835)
Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) and
democracy
Emergence of an Ordered Society
Development of regular police purpose of police
British Bobbies
“Bobbies” introduced in 1829 –
1830
French Police
Crime and Social Reform
New poor laws
Moral reformers
Organized religion
Prison Reform
The Characteristics of Romanticism
Emotion, sentiment, and feelings,
nature
Tragic figure
Johann von Goethe (1749-1832),
The Sorrows of the Young Werther
Individualism
Interest in the past
Grimm Brothers – German History?
Gothic literature
Edgar Allan Poe (1808-1849)
Romanticism in Art, Music, Poetry
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Prometheus Unbound
Casper David Friedrich
God and nature
Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)
Passion for color
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Lord Byron (1788-1824)
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
The mysterious force of nature
Caspar David Friedrich, Man and
Woman Gazing at the Moon
Delacroix, The Death of Sardanaplus
Discussion Questions
What were the goals of the early nineteenth-century
conservatives? What forces were working against the
achievement of those goals?
Why did Britain involve itself in the Greek revolt against
the Ottoman Empire?
How did liberalism and nationalism contribute to both the
success and failure of reform in the mid-nineteenth
century?
Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail?
Compare and contrast the Romantic and Enlightenment
views of nature.
Web Links
1832 Reform Act
Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
Utopian Socialism Archive
William Wordsworth: The Complete
Poetical Works
The Walter Scott Digital Archive