Transcript Chapter 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism 1815-1850







After the defeat of Napoleon, the world responded by wanting to contain
Revolution at any cost.
Congress of Vienna: took place from Sept. 1814 to June 1815. presided over
by the four great powers: Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russian (that formed
the Quadruple Alliance) GOALS were to redraw the map of Europe ,to
preserve/maintain peace after French Revolution and Napoleon I and to
achieve a balance of power in Europe.
Klemens von Metternich: the leader of the Congress of Vienna. the Austrian
individual who best captures the spirit of conservatism during this period,
strongly believed in intervention, major voice at the Concert of Vienna, and
Concert of Europe and eventually forced to flee his own country as
revolutionary forces gained in power
Louis XVIII was put back in control on France.
Principle of Legitimacy- to reestablish peace and stability in Europe.
Metternich believed highly of this.
Balance of Power- thought to prevent any one country from dominating the
other countries in Europe.
Before
After







Conservatism dates back from Edmund Burke ad his book Reflections on the
Revolution in France
Edmund Burke and Conservation: wrote reflections on the revolution in
France. Radical democratic and republic ideas. Rejected violence.
Joseph de Maistre and Conservatism: most influential spokesman for a
counterrevolutionary conservatism. Only absolute monarchs. He espoused
the restoration of hereditary monarchs.
Despite their differences, conservatives all shared common beliefs.
They favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized
religion was critical, hated revolution, and were unable to accept liberal
demands for civil liberties.
They believed society must be organized and in order to work smoothly.
Tradition was always best in their eyes.




Concert of Europe: big gathering of all the leaders in Europe. Was the start of
the quadruple alliance. Was held for the fear of another revolutionary spread
through Europe.
The concert of Europe was called because Europe wanted to maintain the
new status quo they had created.
Metternich presented the Principle of Intervention and it said that the great
powers had the right to send armies into any country to stop revolution and
restore legitimacy.
Britain didn’t approve and caused the Quadruple Alliance to fall apart.







Although North America had gained Independence, Latin
America was still under the control of Spain and Portugal.
many countries revolted against Spain.
Spain crushed them and any attempts they maid.
North America and Great Britain helped the countries
gain independence.
Great Britain's navy stood between Latin America and any
European forces.
The Monroe Doctrine- President James Monroe in 1823,
guaranteed the independence of Latin America and
warned against any more European intervention in the
New World.
Great Britain now dominated Latin American Trade and
Economy.










Greek Revolt: in 1821 the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turkish. In
1827 a combined British and French fleet went to Greece and defeated the
Ottoman Empire.
The principle of intervention proved to be a double edged sword.
They were made to stop revolts but they were also allowed to support them
when they felt necessary.
In 1821 the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks.
Although they were controlled by Muslims for 400 years the Greeks were
allowed to keep their language and religion.
In 1827 a combined British and French fleet went to Greece and defeated a
large Ottoman armada.
A year later Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and invaded its
European provinces.
Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 ended the Russian and Turkish war, the Russians
won the provinces.
By that same treaty Ottoman agreed to allow Britain France and Russia
would decide the fate of Greece.
In 1830 the three powers declared Greece an independent kingdom and
two years later they were given their own royal dynasty was established.





Between 1815 and 1830 the conservative domination of Europe evident in the Concert
of Europe was also apparent in domestic affairs as conservative governments
throughout Europe worked to maintain the old order.
In 1815 Britain was governed by aristocratic landowning classes that dominated both
houses of parliament.
The two political parties were the Tories and Whigs.
Britain's Tories and Whigs: Two political factions in Parliament. Whigs received support
from the industrial middle class. Tory ministers largely dominated Britain government until
1830.
Popular discontent grew in 1815 because of severe economic difficulties.

The Tories response was the Corn Law if 1815, a measure that placed extraordinary high
tariffs on foreign grain.

Mass protest meetings took a nasty turn when Calvary attacked a group of 60,000
people at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester in 1819.

The death of 11 people called the Peterloo Massacre by government detractors led
parliament to take even more repressive measures.

By making minor reforms in 1820’s the Tories managed to avoid meeting the demands
for electoral reforms.





In 1814 the Bourbon family was restored to the throne
of France and Louis XVIII.
Louis XVIII: understood the need for change and
Accepted Napoleons civil code with its recognition
of the principle of equality before the law.
Ultraroyalists- criticized the kings willingness to
compromise and retain so many features of the
Napoleonic era. They hoped to go back to a
monarchal system.
Ministerial Responsibility- said that the ministers were
responsible to the legislature.
A protest by the deputies led the king to dissolve the
legislature in 1830 and call for new elections.





After 1815 the forces of reaction were particularly successful in
central Europe.
Germanic Confederation: the association of Central European
states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the
successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
Rivalry between the two dominant states, Austria and Prussia,
over which state had the inherent right to rule German lands led
to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and the collapse of the
confederation
The Vienna settlement in 1815 had recognized the excistance of
38 sovereign states in what had once been the Holy Roman
Empire
Burschenschaften: -it is a type of student fraternity founded in
the 19th century. inspired by the liberal and patriotic ideas. the
main goal of this is to rally the people and create a united
Germany
From 1817 to 1819 the Burschenschaften pursued a variety of
activities that alarmed German Governments


Tsar Alexander I- had been raised in the ideas of the
Enlightenment and initially seemed willing to make reforms
Tsar Nicholas I: strengthened the bureaucracy and secret
police. The political police known as the third section of the
tsar’s chancellery were given sweeping powers over Russian
life.
Alexander
Nicholas









Liberalism became more significant as the Industrial Revolution made rapid
strides because the developing industrial middle class largely adopted the
doctrine as its own.
Economic liberalism was also called classical economics.
They had there primary tenet the concept of laissez-faire.
Thomas Malthus: wrote essay on the principles of population. Argued that
when population went unchecked it increased food need and food supply
increases. The result is over population.
David Ricardo's “iron law of ages”: argued that more population means
more workers and lower wages.
Political liberalism had a set of beliefs. They were civil liberties, freedom of
assembly, speech, and press, and the freedom from arbitrary arrest.
John Stuart Mill: English philosopher. Argued that absolute freedom of
opinion and sentiment on all subjects that needed to be protected.
On the Subject of Women: he argued the legal subordination from one sex
to another. Written by John Mill
On the subject of women would become an important work in thw
nineteenth-century movement for womens rights.

Nationalism was an even more powerful ideology for
change in the nineteenth century.

Nationalism did not become popular force for
change until the French Revolution.

Nationalism threatened to upset the existing political
order, both internationally and nationally.

A united Germany and Italy would upset the
balance of power. The independence of Hungary
would mean the breakup of the Austrian Empire.

In the early first half of the nineteenth century the
liberals and nationalists were allies.





Socialism became associated with the Marxist analysis of
human society but early socialism was largely the product of
political theorists or intellectuals who wanted to introduce
equality into social conditions.
Utopian Socialism: against private property, against
competition of early industrial capitalism. wanted a "better
environment for humanity"
Charles Fourier’s phalansteries: small communities that were
self contained cooperatives. Each had communally housed
people and would live and work together. Work assignments
would be rotated.
Robert Owen’s New Lanark: believed that humans would
show their true goodness if they were working together in a
cooperative environment. Set up a town to prove his dream
and his dream and it worked perfectly.
Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan: maintained that social problems
could be solved by government interference. State finance
workshops but the workers own them and operate them.
Tristan traveled through France speaking about the need for
women liberation.




France’s July Revolution of 1830: Charles X
produced another victory for the French
liberalist. The king decided to seize the
initiative. On July 26th Charles issued a set of
edicts that imposed rigid censorship on the
press, dissolved the legislative assembly and
reduced electors in preparations for elections.
Louis-Philippe was soon called the bourgeois
monarch because political support for his rule
came from the upper middle class.
In the legislature, the Chamber of Deputies,
there were differences of opinion about the
bourgeois monarchy and how it should grow.
the Party Movement led by Adolphe Thiers
favored ministerial responsibility.




Supporters of liberalism played a primary role in the
July Revolution in France but nationalism was the
crucial force in three other revolutionary outbursts in
1830.
France’s July Revolution of 1830: Charles X produced
another victory for the French liberalist. The king
decided to seize the initiative. On July 26th Charles
issued a set of edicts that imposed rigid censorship on
the press, dissolved the legislative assembly and
reduced electors in preparations for elections.
The revolutionary scenarios in Italy and Poland were
much less successful.
By September 1831 the Russians had crushed the
revolt and established an oppressive military
dictatorship over Poland.






In 1830 new parliamentary elections brought the
Whigs to power in Britain.
Parties of Movement and Resistance: favored
ministerial responsibility the pursuit of active foreign
policy and limited expansion of the franchise.
Believed that France had reached perfection and
didn’t need further government assistance
Reform Act of 1832: gave lots of recognition to the
changes of British life. Gave the new industrial
population a say in the government
The 1830’s and 1840’s witnessed considerable reform
legislation.
The Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that
giving aid to the poor and unemployed only
encouraged laziness and increased the number of
paupers.
The year 1848 witnessed revolutions un most of
Europe.
Despite the success of Revolutions in Frace,
Belgium, and Greece, the conservative
order remained in control of much of
Europe.
 In 1848 liberalism and nationalism erupted
again
 France went through a depression starting
in 1846. Around 1/3 of the population were
unemployed.
 Frances second republic: France wrote a
new constitution on November 4, 1848, to
establish a republic with a unicameral
legislature and a president.





With the news of revolution in France, German states soon
started to rebel.
King Fredrick William IV agreed to abolish censorship,
establish a new constitution, and work for a united Germany.
German liberals attempted to gain power in 1849 in Frankfurt
but failed.
Frankfurt Assembly: aroused controversy by claiming to be
the government of Germany. Made up of mostly middle
class. They fought over the boarder of this new Germanic
state.
King Fredrick William IV






The Austrian empire also had its problems and the
news of the French revolution encouraged upheavals
in march 1848.
The liberals wanted a commonwealth.
In march, demonstrations in many cities led to
Metternich's dismissal and the arch symbol of the
conservative order fled abroad.
Although Emperor Ferdinand I and Austrian officials
had made concessions to appease the
revolutionaries and await their time to reestablish
control.
In June 1848, General Alfred Windischgrats called
military forces to ruthlessly suppress the Czech rebels
in Prague.
Louis Kossuth: agitated for commonwealth. Willing to
keep the Habsburgs monarch but wanted their own
legislature. He was the leader of the Hungarian
Liberals.







Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy: founded
nationalist organization known as young Italy. Goal
was to create a united Italian republic
The failures of revolutionary uprisings in Italy in 18301831 encouraged Italian movement for unification to
take a whole new direction.
The leadership of Italy's Risorgimento (resurgence)
was passed to Giuseppe Mazzini.
Mazzini was a dedicated Italian nationalist.
The Duties of Man (written by Mazzini) urged Italians
to dedicate their lives to the Italian Nation.
Charles Albert- the king of northern Italian state
Piedmont who took up the position of leadership for a
war of liberation from Austrian domination.
By 1849, Austria had reestablished control over over
Lombardy and Venetia. Only Piedmont could keep
its liberal constitution.
Throughout Europe in 1848 revolts led to
the formation of liberal constitutions and
governments.
 The unity of the revolutionaries had
made the revolutions possible, but
divisions soon shattered their ranks.
 As radicals pushed for universal male
suffrage, liberals pulled back.
 In 1848 nationalities everywhere had
revolted in pursuit of self government.









The constitution ratified in 1789 committed the U.S. to
liberalism and nationalism.
Bitter conflict erupted between Federalists and Republicans.
Led by Alexander Hamilton, federalists favored a financial
program that would establish a strong central government.
Republicans, guided by Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison feared centralized and its consequences for
popular liberties.
The successful conclusion of the war of 1812 brought an end
to the Federalists.
John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme court
and was the first to exercise their right to overthrow the
Congress.
The election of Andrew Jackson as President opened up a
new era of politics.
By the 1830’s suffrage had been extended to almost all adult
white males.
Thomas
Jefferson
James
Madison
Alexander
Hamilton






The nineteenth century saw a rise in police forces across
the world.
This new approach to policing was first seen in France in
1828when Louis-Maurice Debelleyme the prefect of Paris,
proclaimed that the main goal of the police is to protect
the people.
In March 182, the new police, called the Serjents became
visible on Paris streets.
At first Paris had very few cops. They dressed in Blue
uniforms and were armed with a White cane.
In Britain the new police force was named the Bobbies.
They were unpaid constables who looked out for the
community and were recruited by local authorities.
They later became a state financed police called the
schutzmannschaft.






The increase of crime led to more arrests and By 1820 most
countries had moved to imprisonment as their form of
punishment.
Prisons served to isolate criminals from society.
By 1830’s European governments were looking for reforms
for their penal systems.
After examining American prisons France and Britain
constructed prisons with separate isolated cells for each
prisoner.
Prisoners were leather masks while exercising and sat in
separate stalls while in the chapel.
When more prisoners came and solitary confinement was
no longer affordable governments started considering
cracking down on society to lower crime rates.






Romantism: a new intellectual movement that caused a
challenge to reason with the truth.
Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther: was a model for
modern tragic romanticism. He later rejected Romanticism for
Classism
Individualism- an interest in the unique traits of each person.
Many romantics possessed a passion about the past.
Gothic Literature- chilling horror stories that were usually short.
Edgar Allen Poe’s books and Frankenstein were a huge part
of this era.
Edgar Allen Poe->







To the romantics poetry was the best form of literature
because they believed it was a direct expression of the
soul.
Percy Bysshe Shelly was expelled from school because he
advocated atheism.
He drowned in a storm in the Mediterranean a few years
after his book was published.
Lord Byron dramatized himself as a romantic hero. He died
in Greece fighting the Ottomans.
Pantheism- identifying the great force in nature with God.
The new worship of nature led to critiques of how the
eighteenth century saw things scientifically.
Casper David Friedrich J.M.W. Turner and Eugene
Delacroix: long preoccupancy with love and nature from
their early days of painting. All in art. Painted mostly
landscapes Delacroix was the most famous.


Music was the most romantic thing to most people.
Ludwig von Beethoven and Hector Berlioz: all into
music. Beethoven changed music forever. His
music is known to have a horror, fear, and worried
tone to it. Berlioz was one of the most outstanding
composer. He founded music programs. He used
music to advocate feelings of betrayed love and
affairs.
Beethoven->
Chateaubriand’s Genius of Christianity:
bible of romanticism. everything was
based on love and nature
 Many people converted to catholic
after the Romanticism era ended.
 Protestantism also saw a revival but hey
called it the “Awakening”
