Transcript Setting the Stage

Setting the Stage
The World in the 19th Century
The lasting effects of the Enlightenment
 Remember in the 1700’s, a new philosophical movement began…
changing the way man thought about the world and his place within it.
 breaking away from church teachings and divine absolutism
 reason, logic, contemplation of the physical world
 Clash between Church, Crown, Citizen
 Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, Descartes
– German Idealism:
– Transcendentalism:
– Romanticism:
– Realism:
Talkin’ bout a revolution!
 The philosophies of the Enlightenment led the common man
to recognize his own value and embrace their natural rights.
 This new movement would lead directly to major
revolutions throughout the world.
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American Revolution–War for Independence
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Russian Revolution
Latin American Revolutions
Social revolutions
German and Italian Unification
French Revolution: most important
revolution in history
 Why?
Change from Failure
 The failure of the French Revolution created a radical chain
reaction of paranoia and overreaction throughout Europe.
 The beheading of a monarch
 Fear and overreaction
 Backlash
 CoV
Specific conflict from the
Congress of Vienna
 The Congress of Vienna convened to settle conflicts that arose after
the failure of the French Revolution.
 Spheres of influence
 The Napoleonic Empire was dismantled and hereditary monarchies
were reestablished.
 The Holy Roman Empire was permanently dissolved.
 The practice of slavery was officially denounced.
Congress of Vienna
 balanced the European powers so that no one “kingdom”
dominated any other power.
 Sparked nationalism
 Russian Restructuring:
 French Monarchy:
People Unite!!!
Italian Unification:
German Unification:
Unstable Alliances:
Oppression:
Power to the people? Not yet!
Oh Germany… what do you do?
 Prussia unites
 Realpolitiks
 France declares war 1870
 France loses, signs the Treaty of Frankfurt
 Prussia takes Alsace Lorraine
 Bismarck distracts France with Egypt
 Balkan Crisis: Three Emperor League
 Britain takes Cyprus to protect trade routes in colonies and
India around the Meditterranean Sea.
Will the real Emperor please
stand up?
 Ascended the throne in 1848.
 Enlightened Despot
 Dual Monarchy
 Balkan Region vs. Russia
 Personal tragedies
 Heir
 Last significant monarch
Industrialization in the West
 Industrialization flourishes
 Led by Britain
 Common man changes
  -
 Absolutism
 Religion
 Imperialism
 People Unite
This war represents the German revolution, a greater political
event than the French Revolution of the last century… You
have a new world, new influences at work, new and unknown
objects and dangers with which to cope… The balance of
power has been entirely destroyed.
-- Disraeli
Prime Minister of Britain
1. To what extent is Disraeli correct?
2. Discuss this quote in relation to historiography.
New Science
 The 1800’s saw a greater emphasis on scientific developments in natural science based on
the empirical method and scientific theory. In fact, the 19th century sees science develop
as a profession.
 Andre Ampere:
 James Maxwell:
 Charles Darwin:
 Emile Durkheim:
 Wilhelm Wundt:
 Frans Boas:
Long term effects of new science
New World Order
The questioning nature of new science, combined with the new
awareness of the common man, lead to new social and political
movements throughout Europe.
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Conservativism:
VS
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Liberalism:
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Pragmatism:
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Positivism:
VS
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Socialism:
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Utilitarianism:
The New Thinkers
 Marx and Engels:
 John Stuart Mill:
 Sir Robert Peel:
 Friedrich Nietzsche:
Scientific Revolution:
The new Enlightenment… put into action!
In the meantime… is God dead?
 Despite the new wave of philosophies and de-emphasis on religion, a large majority
of the European population still believed in a form of religion.
 Middle Class
Lower Class
 7 different dominant religions:
 The Arts influenced
Aristocracy
Rumble in the Balkans
A disorganized and lucky war.
Why the hostility?
And in the other corner… Egypt!
France vs. Britain Cage Match
st
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Place Prize: Suez Canal
Oh Germany… really?
What are the consequences of Bismarck’s
alliances?
Crash
Did the French Revolution lead to the
Path to Total War
New enlightened philosophies two major revolutions  Congress of
Vienna  carving of Europe  Industrialization  series of
revolutionary activity  paranoid authoritarian governments 
Armament race  stronger armies, stronger navies,  Imperialism 
domination of global resources  economic expansion global tensions
between international powers  tensions between people and
governments  new science and philosophies  unstable alliances 
creates unbearable tensions that snap with the assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand of AustriaWWI