Transcript CHAPTER 23 Industrialization of the West 1760

Unit 5 Modern Era
1750 - 1914
Dawn of Industrialization
Chapter 23 and beyone
Forces of Change
intellectual
Enlightenment thinkers
challenge existing order
gap b/t intellectuals & established institutions
merchants encourage economic & technological changes
stimulate expansion on
manufacturing & consumerism
population pressure
- increase
youthful independence grew
Revolutions
call for change or restoration of past patterns
American
taxes
trade controls
restrict expansion
constitution based on Enlightenment principles
French
call for change – mid 1700s
- limitations on aristocracy & church
- increased voice for citizens
- middle-class want greater political role
- peasants want freedom from landlords
market economy
King cannot control
Declaration of Rights of Man & the Citizen
assembly abolishes manorialism
enact equality before the law
new parliament limits royal authority
church privileges attacked
reforms cause resistance & civil wars in some areas
economic chaos
revolution taken over by radical groups
- abolish monarchy
- Reign of Terror
universal male
suffrage
radical leadership falls in 1795
- moderates take over
Napoleon Bonaparte
- turns revolutionary republic into authoritarian
empire
- kept many of changes
focus more on foreign expansion
- 1812 control w. Europe except Britain
1815 empire ends
- revolutionary ideals survived
victorious allies = restore balance of power
France not peaceful internally
conservative victors – repress revolutionary ideas
liberals - limited state interference
radicals - extended voting rights
socialists – attack private property & capitalism
nationalists – stress national unity
political discussion center on constitution & political participation
revolutions (1820s & 30s)in:
Greece
Spain
Portugal
France
Italy
Germany
Belgium
secure more liberal rights & religious freedom
Industrial Revolution
begin in Britain
technological change
- coal powered engines to replace animal & human power
Enlightenment thinking = ideological base for change
origins 1770-1840
factories
interchangeable parts
coal & coke fuel
transportation & communication
improved agriculture
factory system
Disruptions of Industrial Life
movement of people
social changes to family
middle class redefines family life
work conditions end leisurely craft production
lower classes turned to governments to compensate for industrial changes
revolts follow – government unresponsive
social reform
equal rights
“revolutions of 1848”
spread through western Europe
want:
liberal constitutions
limits on industrialization
end of manorialism
ethnic demands
generally failed
- thus gradual methods needed to be applied
aristocracy declines
- social structure based on wealth
middle class property owners vs. working class
old alliances that produced revolutions dissolved
revolutions in West become obsolete
industrial consolidation 1850-1914
rise of socialism
adjustments to industrial life
stable populations
children valued
material conditions improve
peasants improve lives
labor movements
Political Trends
cautious change
Britain – vote to working-class males 1867
Prussia – vote to all adult males
conservatives use nationalism to win support
united: Italy
Germany (1871)
key political issues reduced
most Western nations have parliamentary systems
- basic liberties protected
- political parties peacefully contest for office
New Government Functions
expand
civil service exams
school systems
welfare systems set up
government & citizen contact with each other
rise of socialism
- Karl Marx
revisionists support parliamentary
democracy to achieve goals
Cultural Change
feminist movements late 1800s
higher wages
increased leisure time
- pleasure part of life
mass leisure culture
- rise of team sports
- growing secularism
consumption encouraged (factory capacity)
advances
in scientific knowledge
- continues tradition of rationalism
- Darwin, Einstein, Freud
Artistic Expression
romanticism vs rationalism
African & East Asian influences
Western culture doesn’t synthesize
Expansion of West’s power
new markets & raw material needed
transportation & communication
-Europeans & superior weapons help
spread empires
- immigration
http://www.uwec.edu/geogrApHy/Ivogeler/w111/worldeuropeanization-animated.gif
U.S. - growing power
Civil War – 1st modern war
- industrially produced weapons
- accelerates industrialization
- new technology
British settler colonies
Canada, Australia, New Zealand
parliamentary governments, European culture
dependent on Great Britain economically
20th century
balance of power altered by Germany’s rise
overseas expansion by European countries
imperial rivalries add to tension in Europe
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Germany
Britain
Austria-Hungary
France
Italy
Russia
1 unstable partner in each
all lead into WWI
1. Contrast & compare the causes of the American & French
Revolutions.
2. What were the lasting reforms of the French Revolution?
3. What new political movements emerged in the aftermath of the
French Revolution?
4. What changes led to industrialization?
5. What changes in social organization did industrialization
cause?
6. How were industrialization & revolution linked?
7. How did government functions increase in response to the
“social question”?
8. How did science & the arts diverge in the period after 1850?
9. Discuss the influence of the revolutions beginning in 1820 and
extending through 1870 in reconstructing the map of Europe, and
how the reconstruction affected the development of European
diplomacy by 1907.
10. Discuss how the Industrial Revolution changed the social
structure and political alignment of the West.
Contrast & compare the causes of
the American & French
Revolutions.
• AMERICAN
• war for independence
• taxes
– no taxation without
representation
• trade controls
• restrictions on
movement in frontier
areas
• FRENCH
• limitations on
aristocracy & church
• increased voice for
citizens
• middle class want
greater political role
• peasants want
freedom from
landlords
What were the lasting reforms of
the French Revolution?
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metric system
universal male suffrage
religious freedom
substantial equality for men
new law codes
centralized system of secondary
schools & universities
• new constitution
What new political movements emerged
in the aftermath of the French
Revolution?
• conservative –repress revolutionary
ideas
• liberals – limited state interference
• radicals – extended voting rights
• socialists – attack private property &
capitalism
• nationalists – stress national unity
What changes led to
industrialization?
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automatic machinery in textiles industry
steam engine
recurrent technological change
inventions
interchangeable parts
use of coal & coke
improvements in agriculture
improvements in transportation &
communication
What changes in social organization
did industrialization cause?
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movement of people to cities
young adults moving from families
cities crowded, dirty, crime
new social divisions – middle class move away from
cities
work separate from family
work unpleasant, fast, monotonous
factory work stressful
popular leisure changes
middleclass family – wife stay home with children,
husband goes to work
women’s sphere separate
women & children sheltered from work world
education now important for children
How were industrialization &
revolution linked?
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government functions shifted
build railroads
promote science & engineering
encourage education
sewer systems
political protest compensated for industrial
change (Chartist movement)
• artisans want industry regulated
• social demands because of changes brought
by industrialization
How did government functions increase
in response to the “social question”?
• civil service exams
• regulations – safety, health, personal
travel,
• schooling expands (compulsory to age 12)
• expand public secondary schools
• wider welfare measures
• measures to aid unemployment
How did science & the arts diverge
in the period after 1850?
• SCIENCE
• rationalist tradition
• apply science to practical
affairs
• link science & technology
• combine science & medicine
• Darwin’s theory
• physics
• Einstein – theory of relativity
• Freud – human subconscious
• ART
• Dickens – realistic portrayals of
human problems
• some painters build on
discoveries of science
• romanticism – emotion &
impression (not reason &
generalization) were keys to
human experience
• portray passions
• empathy with nature
• try to violate traditional Western
standards
• abstract, atonal
Discuss the influence of the revolutions beginning in 1820 and extending
through 1870 in reconstructing the map of Europe, and how the
reconstruction affected the development of European diplomacy by 1907.
• revolutions created new states
• greatest impact in eastern & central Europe
• emergence of new states accompanied by
economic growth
• Germany an economic threat to Britain
• Germany & Italy want colonies, be a part of
world empires
• economic & colonial competition upset
balance of power
• Triple Alliance & Triple Entente.
Discuss how the Industrial Revolution
changed the social structure and political
alignment of the West.
• pre-industrialization, social order based on
peasantry, aristocracy & the church
• post – industrialization, aristocracy & church
lose power
• social status based on wealth
• liberals sought political power that went with
economic power of middle class (limited,
constitutional government)
• radicals & socialists want power extended to
working class, extension of voting rights
• all manipulated by conservative politicians
often through nationalism.