Transcript Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
 Industrial Revolution – Social, cultural, political and
economic changes that occurred as a result of the
introduction of machinery to replace hand production
beginning in the 1700’s
 As industrialization spread, new industries were created
which led to new revolutions in medicine, science, and
culture.
Characteristics of Early Industrialization
 Increased use of machinery replaces hand production
manufacturing
 Production moves from home (cottage industry) to factories
 Manufacturing shifted to mass production through:
 Interchangeable parts
 Specialization
 Assembly lines
 Introduction of new power sources.
 Steam
 Electricity
 Oil
 Rapid growth of capitalism and corporations
 Spread of industrialization from Great Britain to other
parts of the Europe and world.
 Dramatic increases in overall population and urban growth
World Population Growth
7 billion
6.7 billion
What is the
present population
1997
5 billion
2 billion
1 billion
1860
1994
1987
1950
2011
6 billion
The Road to Industrialization
• The Commercial Revolution
An economic revolution in Europe between 1500-1750
resulting from exploration and colonization. The wealth
helped finance the Industrial Revolution
• The Scientific and Intellectual Revolutions
These revolutions of the 16th, and 17thth centuries created
an atmosphere of invention and experimentation
• The Agricultural Revolution
Changes in agriculture led to greater food production and
increased population. This created greater demand for
manufactured products and provided a large labor pool to
work in factories.
The Enclosure Movement
British Parliament passed Enclosure Laws in the late
17th century which required the fencing of
farmland. The result was:
• Small farmers were forced to sell to wealthy farmers
who began fencing in common land.
• New agricultural techniques and inventions were
developed by large farmers who experimented on the
expansive plots of enclosed land.
• Small farmers were forced to become tenant farmers
or move to cities in search of work.
• Urban populations grew rapidly and a large labor pool
developed in the cities.
British Population Growth
London
1770
770,000
1850
2,400,000
Manchester
27,200
400,000
Liverpool
34,400
375,000
Why Industrialization Began in England
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION.
Land - Natural resources: Abundance of coal, iron, rivers,
and harbors.
Labor - Enclosure had created a large labor pool necessary
to run factories.
Capital - Commercial Revolution enriched many who
wanted to invest their wealth in industrialization.
Management - An educated middle class provided
entrepreneurs to start and manage factories, and to pool the
resources necessary for industrialization.
Stable Government - British government was stable by the
1700’s and provided incentives for industrialization.
Why Industrialization Began in England

Isolation - British Isles were isolated from the wars
and revolutions that ravaged Europe in the 1700’s
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Markets - Because Britain had a worldwide empire,
it had a ready market for its finished goods
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Large Fleet - Britain had the world’s strongest naval
and commercial fleet to carry and protect its goods
abroad.
Necessity is the
mother of
invention
The Industrial Revolution Began in the
Textile Industry
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The textile industry was the first industry in Great Britain to
become mechanized. Cotton cloth had been imported into
England since the Middle Ages.
It was popular but expensive. As Britain expanded its
empire, the demand for cotton grew rapidly. British
merchants began importing raw cotton and hired spinners
and weavers to make it into cloth. This was done in the
home as part of a domestic system or a putting out system.
The demand, however was much greater than supply. As a
result, inventors began looking for ways to increase
production. Numerous inventions led to increased
production and a shift away from the domestic system to a
factory system.
Seed Drill 1721
Jethro Tull
Cottage
Spinning
• Spinning of thread was initially
done in the home on a single
spinning wheel usually by the
female of the household.
Single Spinning Wheel
• Thread would then be woven
into cloth by the male or sold to
weavers.
Cottage Weaving
Hand Loom
• Thread would be woven into
cloth typically done on a hand
loom by a single weaver.
• Usually the male of the
household during non-harvest
seasons
• Finished cloth would be sold to
merchants or tailors.
• Known as the putting out or
domestic system
Flying Shuttle
John Kay
1733
• Weaving machine that doubled
the productivity of the weaver.
• Led to greater demand for
thread to supply weavers.
• Competitions were held to
improve spinning methods
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves
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1764
Produced 8
times the
amount of
thread as the
single spinning
wheel.
• Temporarily
met the
demand for
thread
• Spinning could
still be done in
the home
Water Frame
Richard Arkwright
1769
Beginning of the Factory System
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Water powered spinning machine
Too large for home and had to have a water supply
Led to start of factory system
Made thread quicker and stronger, though coarser.
Spinning Mule
Samuel Crompton
1779
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Combined best features of the spinning jenny and water frame.
Made stronger and finer thread more comfortable
Could only be located in large factories near water.
Created oversupply of thread. Faster weaving methods needed.
Power Loom
Edmund Cartwright
1785
• Water powered weaving machine.
• One person could weave as much as 200 hand weavers.
• Allowed cheap production of cloth which created greater demand
for cotton
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney
1793
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Removed seeds from cotton.
Could do the work of 50 people.
Cotton production was greatly increased.
American south became world’s cotton producing center.
Interchangeable Parts
Eli Whitney
late 1700’s
• Created standardized replacement parts for machines
• Allowed for quick and cheap repair of machinery which kept
production flowing.
• Initially used by Whitney for manufacture and repair of guns
• These ideas were later used in assembly lines (Henry Ford)
Steam Power
James Watt (1736-1819)
• Improved on earlier steam
powered engines by Thomas
Newcomen which had been
used to pump water from
coal mines
• The improved steam engine
was smaller, more efficient,
and portable and began
operations around 1776.
• It led to revolutions in
production and transportation
Transportation
Steamboat
Robert Fulton
1807
• Led to steamship travel
on rivers and oceans.
Large sailing vessels
began disappearing
• By 1838, an Atlantic
Crossing took only 15
days.
The Clermont
Modern Roadbed (Macadam Road)
John MacAdam
Early 1800’s
• Created smooth and sturdy roadbeds using
layers of large stones covered with smaller
stones and crushed rock.
Railroad and Steam Locomotive
George Stephenson
1825-1829
The Rocket
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Developed the Rocket in 1829. It reached a speed of 15 MPH.
In 1830 Britain had less than 100 miles of RR track.
By 1850 it had 16,200 miles of track.
By 1870 nearly 1 million miles.
Communications
Samuel Morse
Telegraph (1830’s-1840s)
• Transmitted electronic pulses on a single line across great
distances.
• The Morse Code became the language of telegraphy
• First used for business communications in industry.
Communications
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone (1870’s)
• Scottish Professor, Engineer, Scientist and Inventor
• His wife and mother were deaf and he worked on machines
to communicate with them by voice
• The telephone was the first machine to relay voice
communications over long distances.
Communications
Guglielmo Marconi
Wireless Radio (1890’s)
• Italian inventor known as the
father of wireless telegraphy
• First transmission was just
over 1 mile. He continues to
improve on his invention
through the 1890’s
• By the end of the century he
was transmitting over water
including the English Channel
• By 1901 he had broadcast
across the Atlantic Ocean
• The Radio was initially used
for military and marine (ship to
shore) communications (The
radio saved hundreds aboard
the Titanic)
Steel – The Bessemer Process
Henry Bessemer
Blast Furnaces (1850’s)
• English engineer and inventor
• Developed the process for making steel by removing impurities
from cast iron with blast furnaces
• This method led to mass production of steel making it affordable
and abundant for construction, shipbuilding,
• Allowed for the building of “skyscrapers” and growth of cities
• The development of the Steel Industry spurred the Second
Industrial Revolution
“The Second Industrial
Revolution” (1870s - 1914)
• A second, more advanced wave of industrialization
developed by the 1870’s, lead primarily by American
entrepreneurs and industrialists.
– Steel (stronger and cheaper than iron) – Andrew
Carnegie developed U.S. Steel
– Oil - (more reliable and easier to use than steam
power. Originally produced kerosene for lighting.)
Gasoline was discarded. - John D. Rockefeller
developed Standard Oil Company
– Investment Banking – Provide capital for expansion
and consolidation of industry J.P. Morgan
“The Second Industrial
Revolution” (1870s - 1914)
– Centralized Electrical Power and Lights –
Thomas Edison
– Internal Combustion Engine
• Gasoline powered (1880s - Gottlieb Daimler,
Karl Benz)
– Petroleum-powered Transportation
• Airplane (1903 – Wilbur and Orville Wright)
• Mass-production of the Automobile (1913 Henry Ford)
The Social Consequences of
Industrialization
• Population Shifts
– Huge Population growth (due to agricultural revolution
and better health care)
– Urbanization - huge shifts from rural areas to cities
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Due to factories (more jobs in cities)
Existing cities grew too rapidly
Many new industrial cities developed around factories
Big problem: fast city growth  many problems:
– Overcrowding
– Lack of infrastucture
– Lack of sanitation
– Epidemic diseases
The Social Consequences of Industrialization
• New Social Classes
– The middle class expanded rapidly- usually lived very
comfortably and were fairly wealthy
• Upper Bourgeoisie – Powerful bankers, large industrialists and
merchants – demanded free enterprise and tariffs to preserve high profits
• Lower (Petite) Bourgeoisie – small industrialists, merchants, and
professionals – demanded stability and security
– The Working Class - miserable/dangerous working and living
conditions
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On average, 14 hour days, 6 days per week
Men, women and children worked
Accidents common
Unsanitary – dirty air (coal, lint)
• Lived in slums (often provided by their employers)
• Some people resorted to rioting to protest (Luddites)
The Spread of Industrialization
• At first, Britain tried to prevent the spread of
industrialization to other countries - Why?
– If Britain produced more, its prices would be cheaper
and therefore its businesses would outcompete the
other countries’ businesses
– Parliament passed laws forbidding the sale/sharing of
industrial secrets and the leaving of machinery or
craftworkers
• By 1824, the philosophy and laws changed:
– The new idea - profit from selling industrial
knowledge and technology and/or setting up factories
in other countries
The Spread of Industrialization
• Western Europe
– Belgium
• Technology smuggled from Britain by William Cockerill
in 1799
• Many other corporations set up soon afterward
– Germany
• Industrialization in the Ruhr Valley in 1830s
• Kaiser Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
encouraged industrialization once Germany unified in
1871
– France
• Napoleon III encouraged industrialization and
development of infrastructure
Positive Effects of the Industrial
Revolution:
– Average wealth and standard of living increased
for the middle class
– Better quality and cheaper products
– Eventually rights and conditions of workers
improved, especially in western European
countries and America.
The Major Impacts of Industrialization
• Industrialized countries richer than nonindustrialized ones
– Western Europe and USA (these societies largely
prospered)
– Southern and Eastern Europe (remained primarily
agricultural)
• Industrialized countries become colonizers of
non-industrialized societies (in Africa and Asia)
• Reform Movements in Industrialized Countries
to attempt to solve social inequality led to:
– Rise of Liberalism
– Development of Socialism
John Locke
• Contract theory of government.
– Regarded the state as a
human construction,
established by an original
contract.
• Limited, constitutional
government.
– Civil society of free men,
equal under the rule of
law, bound together by
no common purpose but
sharing respect for
each other’s rights.
– Doctrine of natural rights.
– Links private property with individual liberty.
Adam Smith
• Old Ideas that Supported
Industrialization
– Capitalism
• Pioneered by Adam Smith - The
Wealth of Nations (1776)
• Main Ideas
– Governments should not interfere
with free trade and business - “laissez
faire” economics
» Only supply and demand should
“control” prices and the
success/failure of companies “the invisible hand”
» Competition and Free trade
between people & countries
Thomas Malthus
• An Essay on the Principle of
Population (1798)
• Believed that population would outstrip
the food supply causing massive
famines.
David Ricardo
• The Principles of Political Economy and
Taxation (1817)
• Advocated the Iron Law of Wages
– An oversupply of labor would keep
wages low.
– This would be a detriment to the
working classes.
The Utilitarians:
 There is a role for government intervention
to provide some social safety nets.
Jeremy Bentham
Principles of Morals and
Legislation (1789)
• Advocated Utilitarianism
- Government should
provide for “the greatest
happiness of the greatest
number.”
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
• Wrote On Liberty in 1859.
• The sole purpose of government
is “self-protection.”
– Workers cooperatives
• Workers would own the
factories and elect the
managers.
– Redistribution system of wealth:
• Confiscation of excess
profits
• Abolish the wage system.
– Emancipation of women.
Origins of 19th Century Liberalism
• The word was first used when the term was
adopted by the Spanish political party, the
Liberales, in 1812.
• The roots of liberalism came from traditions of
English & French political thought espoused
by such figures as:
• John Locke
• Adam Smith
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
Moderate Liberalism
• Favored the idea of the sovereignty of the people, but…
 Government should rest on the organized consent of the most
important sections of the community.
• A good constitutional monarchy was the best form of government.
• Valued liberty more than equality.
 Freedom of the press.
 Free right of assembly.
• Written constitutions.
• Economic policies:
 Laissez-faire economy.
 Free trade.
 Lower tariffs.
 Against the right of the working class to organize into unions.
• Orderly change by legislative process.
• Hated the idea of revolution!
Liberal Reform in Great Britian
• Important legislation:
– Reform Act of 1832. - Extended the right to vote to middle
class men.
– Abolition of Slavery (1833)- Led by Wilbur Wilberforce
– Factory Act of 1833 – Limited hours and ages of children in
factories and improved conditions.
• Ages 9-13 – 9 hours a day
• Over age 13 – maximum of 12 hours
– Mines Act of 1842 – Prohibited child labor in mines
– 10 Hour Act of 1847 – Limited work hours for women and
children to 10 hours per day.
– Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 - removed tariffs from food
(lowering prices) following the Irish Potato Famine of 18451846. Over 700,000 people died.
The “Peoples’ Charter”
 Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
 Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform
of the inequalities created by the Reform
Bill of 1832.
 Universal manhood suffrage.
 Equal electoral districts.
 Abolition of the requirement that Members
of Parliament be property owners.
 Payment for Members of Parliament.
 Annual general elections.
 The secret ballot.
Although ignored by Parliament initially,
almost all provisions were later enacted
British Reform Bills
Socialism
 Socialists called for a fundamental change in nature of
property ownership. Early socialists included Louis Blanc and
Charles Fourier
 People as a society, or the government would operate and own
the means of production and distribution, not individuals.
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
 Believed that people could be educated to cooperate rather
than compete to promote mutual well being.
 Tried to build perfect communities (utopias).
Reforming the Industrial World
• New Philosophies develop addressing the problems:
– Utopianism (Robert Owen) - promoted communal living and
cooperation on small scale
Robert Owen and New Harmony, Indiana
Communism – Marx & Engels
• New Philosophies develop addressing the problems:
– Communism (Karl Marx and Frederich Engels) - promoted
global social revolution and total social equality
• “The Communist Manifesto” (1848) - the proletariat
(working class) will rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie
(middle class)
• These ideas were promoted by some socialist
organizations/parties in Europe
The Communist Manifesto
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx
 The dominant feudal aristocracy who derived wealth from land
ownership would be overthrown by the bourgeoisie who derived their
wealth from commerce and industry
 The working class (proletariat) would then overthrow the bourgeoisie
and establish a temporary dictatorship which would eradicate the last
remnants of the bourgeoisie.
 Since only one social class would remain (the proletariat) they could be
re-educated to cooperate.
 There would be no need for government and it would slowly erode
away
Reforming the Industrial World
Major Reforms
• Urban Reforms
• Public Sanitation – sewer systems, running
water, health codes/inspectors, garbage
collection, hot water
• Public housing communities
– Octavia Hill
– British Housing Act
• Police and Fire departments
• Parks – e.g. Central Park, Hyde Park
Reforming the Industrial World
Major Reforms
Abolition of Slavery in mid to late 1800s
William Wilberforce – English lawmaker
Abolitionist movement – United States
Public Education for All Children
Instituted by most industrialized countries
Funded by the government
Required for all 6-12 yr. old boys and girls (from all classes)
Why?
Demand for more skilled laborers and workers in many fields
Instill nationalism in its citizens
Main Results
More opportunities for Women to be educated and work in
educational jobs
Increase in Literacy  mass media (newspapers)
Gender Relations and the Family
Working Class
Men, women and children of the working classes all
worked!
New Jobs for Women:
Increase in white collar jobs and shortages of
available male workers - clerks, typists, secretaries,
telephone operators, teachers, nurses
 Drawbacks – relatively low pay, monotonous jobs
 Benefits – new opportunities to better status, escape from the
factory/farm work
Improvement for Working Class between 1890 – 1914:
high paying jobs in heavy industry => less need for
women and children workers
Gender Relations and the Family
Middle Class
Husband Worked
Wife typically didn’t work and took care of children
 Children
Attended school
Enjoyed healthy and active childhood
Decline in birthrate
Results:
Development of more consumerism
Development of Compulsory Education
Gender Relations and the Family
Women’s Rights Movements (Feminism)
Suffrage Movement
Major English Movement – Emmeline Pankhurst
and her daughters began The Women’s Social and
Political Union (in 1903)
Carried out acts of civil disobedience to draw attention
Female Suffrage was enacted after World War I
Leisure Activities
Industrial changes and reforms allowed new
leisure opportunities
 Shorter work week and days (weekends, evenings off)
 Railroads/Steamboats – better/faster ways to travel
 New or Newer Leisure Activities:
 Vacation/”Holiday”/Tourism – for upper and middle classes
 Musicals and Vaudeville Theatre
 Motion Pictures (silent, at first)
 Professional and amateur sporting activities and leagues:
 The modern Olympics (began in Greece in 1896) – Centennial Olympics –
Atlanta in 1996
 Professional Sports Leagues in Europe and USA
 Recreational sports – croquet, bowling, amateur sports leagues
 Consumerism/Shopping for luxuries
 Catalog Shopping – Sears, Montgomery Ward, J.C. Penney
First Modern Olympics – Athens, Greece 1896
Centennial Olympics – Atlanta, Georgia 1996
Centennial Olympic Park - Atlanta, Georgia