Transcript Emergence of Industrial Society in the West 1750 - 1914

Emergence of
Industrial Society in
the West
1750 - 1914
Mrs. Cook
APWH
Age of Revolution
3 forces of change in mid-18th century
1. Cultural
- challenged for religious freedom
- widespread belief in voice in
government
- government based on general will
2. Commercialization
- economy
- business people challenge aristocracy
- growing interest in new techniques
3. Population revolution
- improved nutrition
- reduced death rate = improved birth rate
- increased the amount of people in the working class
- expansion of domestic manufacturing
- Capitalism develops
- Youthful independence….new defiance of authority….
American Revolution
1775 – War for Independence in British colonies
1. resented restrictions on movement
2. no taxation without representation
3. resented British control, but no voice in British
government
1776 – Declaration of Independence
1789 – Constitution drafted for U.S.
1. checks and balances
2. separation of powers
3. three branches of government
French Revolution
France – 1789
Factors – classical pattern
1. ideological insistence on
change
- limit power of Catholic
church, aristocracy, and
monarchy
2. social change
- reinforced ideological
challenges
- middle class voice and
peasant desire of freedom
3. Governments that proved
increasingly ineffective
4. Economic slumps
French Revolution
Louis XVI
- called parliament to
discuss tax reform
- middle class forced turn
into modern parliament
- middle class majority in
parliament
Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
- freedom of thought,
natural rights
French Revolution
Symbols of the French Revolution
1. Bastille – July 14, 1789, riot
2. Guillotine – device to
behead
people
*symbol of the Reign of
Terror
3. Robespierre – Revolutionary
leader,
headed prosecution of King
(1792), sponsored the Terror,
centralized the government
4. National anthem….1st one
French Revolution
What happened?
- Peasants seized land from rich and church
- Abolished manorialism
- Equality under law
- New constitution – free religion, press,
property
- Parliament to limit the king
- ½ male population given the right to vote
French Revolution
Revolutionary Reforms
1. Metric system of weights and measures
2. Slavery abolished in colonies
3. Universal military conscription
4. Nationalism instilled throughout
French Revolution followed by four years of
moderate policies
Napoleon Bonaparte
- 1799
- General converted
republic into
authoritarian empire
-
Reduce power of
parliament
Limited police system
Religious freedom
ensured
Developed centralized
system of schools
Napoleon Bonaparte
Main focus:
- expansion abroad
- 1812: French empire
directly held or controlled
most of western Europe
Contributed to the spread of
revolutionary ideas
- idea of equality under the
law
- idea of attacking
privileged institutions
Encouraged popular
nationalism
Conservative settlement &
Revolutionary legacy
Congress of Vienna
- Allies against French
- Did not want to destroy France, but restore balance of
power
- Stronger powers surround France
- Realignments of countries = national unifications
Conservative settlement &
Revolutionary legacy
Conservatives
- Opposed to revolutionary goals
*Mostly upper class*
Liberals
- Focused on issues around politics
- Wanted to limit government interference
- Equal representation in government (property owners…men)
- Constitutional rule was important
- Protection of freedoms: religion, press, assembly
- Economic reforms – better education
*Mostly middle class*
Conservative settlement &
Revolutionary legacy
Radicals
- Supported most liberal demands
- Also wanted wider voting rights
- Some wanted outright democracy
- Social reforms for the lower classes
Reform Bill of 1832
- Britain
- Gave right to vote to most middle class men
Revolutions of 1848
Industrialization added to revolutionary movements
- Working class anger over rights
- Unrest among factory workers, artisans,
skilled labor
- Women’s rights
Revolutions began in Paris….again!
- Monarchy was gone – for good this time
- Spread to Germany, Austria and Hungary
- Furthered nationalist demands
Revolutions of 1848 – overall failure
- End to the era of revolutions
- Revolutions too risky
- More gradual methods of change….better
Industrial Life
Countries were becoming more urban than ever before
- Sanitation improved
- Death rates fell, birth rates rise
- Standard of living increase
- Diet improved
- Health improved
Louis Pasteur
- discovered germs
- led to development of antiseptic and anesthesia
- Less women died in childbirth….women outlive
men
Corporations doubled
- Labor movements began to arise
- Strike movements began to form
- Trade union movement….showed power of workers
- Learned to bargain for better pay and shorter hours
Political Trends/Rise of New Nations
Benjamin Disraeli
- British
- Granted right to vote to working class men
(1867)
Count Camillo di Cavour
- Italian
- Supported industrial development early
- Formed alliance with France to attack Austria
(1858)
- Started a nationalist movement….united Italy
under one ruler
Otto von Bismarck
- Prussian
- Prime Minister
- Tried to give right to vote to ALL men
- Freedom to Jews and press
- Promoted mass education
- Series of wars 1860’s
*Expanded power over Germany
*1866 emerged as Supreme German Power
* Final war with France led to complete
German unity – 1871
Social Questions
Social issues
- Socialism
*Due to Karl Marx
* Communist Manifesto
- capitalism EVIL
- class struggle against class in
power = eventual
- Proletariat would grow until revolution
was inevitable - Bourgeois would be eliminated and
full freedom attained and all classes
eliminated
* Revisionism
- Response to Marxism/Socialism
- believed success could be achieved through
peaceful democratic means
Social Questions
Feminism
- 1900 movement gains ground
- sought legal and economic gains for
women
- Campaigned for suffrage
Cultural Transformations
Emphasis on leisure and consumption
- better wages and reduced hours
- more free time
- advertising led to product crazes….
(think chia pet, the clapper, snuggie!)
Bicycle emerged 1880’s
- changed social habits…different clothes, “losing”
chaperones during courtship
Mass leisure culture
- Shock and entertainment were wanted
- Comedy routines
- Musical reviews
- Rise of team sports: soccer, football, and baseball
(seen as useful preparation for work or military
life…rules, coordination, discipline)
*Olympic games reintroduced in 1896*
Cultural Transformations
Scientific Knowledge
- Improvements in germ theory
- chemical fertilizers for
agriculture
Charles Darwin
- Theory of evolution
- Challenged church more directly
Albert Einstein
- Theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud
- Developing theories of the
workings of the human subconscious
Emerging U.S.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- warned Europe against meddling in U.S. affairs
Louisiana Purchase
- Expansion of territories
Focused on:
* political system
* internal commercial growth
* industrialization
* westward expansion
Civil War – accelerated US industrialization (competing with
European nations now)
Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Canada
- won by Britain in wars with France
- granted increasing self-rule
* to avoid what happened in the U.S.
- set up own parliament and laws, but
remained attached to G.B.
Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Australia
- Penal colony (1788 – 1853)
- Aborigines: native peoples
- Sheep raising agriculture
- Gold discovery furthered colonization (1851)
- Granted self-government
* parliamentary system
* federal nation proclaimed 1/1/1900
Canada, Australia, New Zealand
New Zealand
- Dutch visit 1600’s, English explored 1770
- Begin to colonize 1814
Maoris – native people
- well organized politically
- many converted to Christianity
- after several skirmished…good relations
established with colonists
- won representation in parliament
British took official control 1840 (afraid of French takeover)
- establish parliamentary system
- self-government rule that was a dominion of British Empire
Tensions and WWI
Imperialism fed rivalries between nations in Europe
Peacetime military conscriptions to build up armies and have
reserves
Artillery and naval forces grew largely
Balkan nationalism
- recently won independence from Ottoman Empire
- Slavic populations
wanted own government, own countries, independence
Alliances – Pre WWI
Triple Alliance:
- Germany,
Austria-Hungary,
Italy
(initially)
Triple Entente:
(formal promise to
cooperate)
- France, Russia,
Great Britain
War Breaks Out
What happened?
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(A-H)
assassinated by
Serbian rebel
Impact:
- Austria-Hungary wanted to
punish Serbia
- Declared war July 28, 1914
- Russia (Serbia’s protector)
came to defense of Serbia
- Germany then declared war on
Russia and France