Transcript Reforms and Revolutions AND The Revolutions of 1848 in Europe

Reforms and Revolutions AND The
Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
Eastview High School – AP European History
Ch23 “Ideologies & Upheavals” (Sections 4 & 5)
McKay, et al. 8th edition
Essential Questions
 The battle of ideologies continues; where does liberalism and
nationalism make gains during this time?
 How did the political revolution, derailed in France and
resisted by European monarchs, eventually break out again
after 1815?
 Why did the revolutionary surge triumph briefly in 1848 and
then fail almost completely?
National Liberation in Greece
 Greek nationalists led by
Ypsilanti in 1821 fought for
freedom from the Ottoman
Turks
 Ypsilanti fought in the wars
against Napoleon where he lost
an arm.
 He was a popular figure at the
Congress of Vienna
 He was a Russian national who
was elected leader by the
Greeks.
 Great Powers supported the
Turks, but Britain, France, and
Russia support the nationalists.
Greece becomes independent in
1830.
Liberal Reforms in Great Britain
A.
B.
British aristocracy, which controlled
the Tory party, feared liberalism and
worked to repress it.
Corn Law (1815), which protected
English landowners by stopping
importation of foreign grain unless
the price rose above a certain level.
Example of aristocratic class power
and selfishness.
C. Corn Laws prompted urban
Cartoon of the Six Acts
laborers, supported by radical
intellectuals
D. Parliament responded by Six Acts
(1819). Eliminated mass
meetings.
Liberal Reforms in Great Britain
Growing middle class pressure led
to Reform Bill of 1832. Increased
number of voters.
A.
1.
2.
3.
B.
C.
House of Commons emerged as the
major legislative body
Industrial areas of GB gained
representation
“Rotten Boroughs” eliminated
Chartist demand for universal male
suffrage failed, but Anti-Corn Law
league succeeded in getting Corn
Laws repealed in 1846 and free
trade established
1846, Tory and Whig parties were
interested in reform and passes Ten
Hours Act (1847). Limited factory
workday women and young people
to ten hours.
Cartoon of “Rotten Boroughs”
Ireland and the Great Famine
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Most of Ireland were Catholic
peasants who rented land from lazy
greedy English Protestant landlords.
Peasants lived in shocking poverty,
with tremendous population growth.
Population growth due to potato
cultivation, early marriage, and high
rents
1820 on the potato crop was often
diseased and ended up in starvation
Relief efforts were inadequate.
Landlords insisted on rents,
government on taxes. Led to mass
evictions.
Millions died or left Ireland. AntiBritish feeling and Irish nationalism
followed
Revolution of 1830 in France
A.
B.
Louis XVIII
C.
Charles X
D.
Louis Philippe
Louis XVIII’s Constitutional Charter
of 1814, although undemocratic,
protected the people against a return
to royal absolutism and aristocratic
privilege. Louis dies in 1824.
Charles X tries to rally French
nationalism and popular support
through a war with Algeria.
Charles X tried to re-establish the
old order and repudiated the
Constitutional Charter of 1830 in an
attempted coup in July 1830.
New king, Louis Philippe, accepted
the Constitutional Charter of 1814
but did little more than protect the
rich upper middle class.
Democratic Republic of France
Refusal of King Louis Philippe and
Guizot (chief minister) to bring
about electoral sparked a revolt in
Paris in 1848.
Revolt led to a provisional republic,
universal male suffrage, and more.
Revolutionary coalition couldn’t
agree on a common program.
Moderate liberal republicans split
with the radical socialist republicans
A.
B.
C.
1.
D.
Artisans hated cutthroat capitalism
and wanted stronger craft unions
National workshops were a
compromise between the socialist
demands for guaranteed work and
the moderates’ determination to
provide temporary relief for the
massive unemployment
Revolution of 1848 in France
A. Fear of socialism led to a clash of
class
Workers invaded the Constituent
Assembly and tried to proclaim a
new revolutionary government.
2. The Assembly dissolved the
workshops in Paris
1.
Closing of the workshops led to a
violent uprising (June Days)
C. Class war led to the election of a
strongman, Louis Napoleon, as
president in 1848.
B.
Revolution of 1848 in Austria
Revolution in France resulted
in popular upheaval
throughout central Europe,
but in the end conservative
reaction won
Hungarian nationalism
resulted in revolution against
the Austrian overlords
A.
B.
1.
2.
3.
Under Kossuth, the
Hungarians demanded national
autonomy, civil liberties, and
universal suffrage
Emperor Ferdinand I promised
reforms and a liberal
constitution
Serfdom was abolished
Restoring order in Austria 1848
Conflict among nationalities
(Hungarians vs Croats, Serbs and
Romanians; Czechs vs. Germans)
encouraged by the monarchy, weakened
the revolution.
Alliance of the working and middle
classes soon collapsed.
Conservative aristocrats crushed the
revolution after rallying around a point
made by the archduchess Sophia.
A.
B.
C.
1.
D.
Francis Joseph was crowned
emperor after his 18th birthday
E.
She insisted that Ferdinand had no
heir and that her son should be on
the throne.
Francis Joseph was crowned emperor in
1848
Russian army helped defeat the
Hungarians
Revolution of 1848 in Prussia
Middle class Prussians want to
create a unified liberal Germany
B. Working class people of Prussia
demanded and got a liberal
constitution from Fredrick William
IV.
C. Further workers demands for
suffrage and socialist reforms
caused fear among the aristocracy.
D. Frankfurt National Assembly of
1848 was middle-class liberal body
that began writing a constitution
for a unified Germany
E. War with Denmark over SchleswigHolstein ended with a rejection of
the Frankfurt Assembly by newly
elected Frederick William and
failure of German liberalism.
A.
Questions for your review
1.
Which countries ultimately supported the nationalists in Greece?
2.
How would you characterize the “Tory” party?
3.
How would you characterize the “Whig” party?
4.
What were the revisions to the Corn Law (1815) intended to do?
5.
What were the consequences of the repeal of the Corn Law?
6.
What were the consequences of the English Reform Bill of 1832?
7.
What act precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris?
8.
Who were the “winners” of the Revolution of 1830 in France?
9.
To whom can the success of the Revolution of 1830 in France be attributed?
10.
Who was Guizot?
11.
Which French socialist participated in the provisional government in Paris 1848?
12.
What were the causes of the 1848 Revolution in France?
13.
What has changed at the conclusion of the Revolution of 1848 in France?
14.
Where did revolution begin in the Austrian Empire (1848)?
15.
What were the causes of the 1848 Revolution in Austria?
16.
What was archduchess Sophia’s role in the Revolution?
17.
What did the Hapsburgs exploit to defeat the revolutionary coalition?
18.
After Austria, what was the most important German state?
19.
What groups composed the National Assembly that met in Frankfurt in 1848?