Transcript Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750

Unit 5:
Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)
Global History II Review
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Scientific Revolution
• New Ideas about the Universe
– Scientific Revolution- period of change
– Heliocentric theory said sun is center of
universe. (Copernicus and Galileo)
– Newton proved gravity and natural laws
• New ways of thinking
– Scientific Method- experimentation and
observation to prove theories
– Human Reason was valued
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Enlightenment
• Science and the Enlightenment
– Natural Laws govern human behavior
– Enlightenment rejected traditional beliefs
• Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts
– Locke: Natural Rights- life, liberty, & property
– Montesquieu: Separation of powers
– Voltaire: Religious toleration
– Rousseau: Social Contract, give up freedoms
for the common good of all
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Enlightenment
• Impact of the Enlightenment
– Promoted change in many governments
– Inspired democracy and revolutions
– Enlightened rulers made changes in their
countries (also able to keep power)
– Key principles for the foundation of American
Revolution, United States government and the
French Revolution
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Political Revolutions
• American Revolution (1776)
– Influenced by Magna Carta, English Bill of
Rights and ideas of the Enlightenment
– Symbol of freedom in Europe and Latin Amer.
• French Revolution (1789)
– Causes: Absolute Monarchy, social inequality,
economic hardships, Enlightenment ideas,
American Revolution and English laws
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Political Revolutions
• French Revolutions Stages
– Creation of the National Assembly
– Seizure of the Bastille
– Declaration of the Rights of Man
– Creation of a limited monarchy
– Radicals come to power and Reign of Terror
– Napoleon comes to power
• Napoleonic Code- laws made by Napoleon
• Napoleon is a stabilizing force
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Political Revolutions
• Effects of the French Revolution
– Democratic ideals spread through Europe
– Nationalism emerges in Europe (France)
• Latin American Independence (1790s)
– Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) breaks Haiti free
from French rule
– Simon Bolivar a Creole gains independence from
Spain for much of South America
– Jose de San Martin defeats the Spanish for
independence in Argentina and Chile
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Reaction Against Revolution
• Congress of Vienna (1815)
– Attempt to put Europe back the way it was
before the conquests of Napoleon
• Revolutions of 1830s and 1848
– Liberals (revolutionaries) revolt against
conservatives (monarchy)
– Rebellions were not successful in the long
term but the ideas remained
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Reaction Against Revolution
• Absolutism in Czarist Russia
– Russian Czars maintained power in Russia
– Feudal society continued in Russia with serfs
– Russification- policy to make groups act Russian
within Russian borders
• Instability in Latin America
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Social injustice even with democracy
Military rulers lead many nations
Economies grow slowly
Mexican Revolution due to unequal distribution of
wealth
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Global Nationalism
• Nationalism: Love for one’s country
– Revolutions in Greece, Poland, Belgium, and
across Latin America
• Unification Movements
– Italy: Cavour and Garibaldi worked to unite all
of Italy as one nation
– Germany: Bismarck used war and politics to
unite the German and Prussian Empires
• Zionism: Desire for a Jewish homeland
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Global Nationalism
• Nationalism in Asia
– India: called for self-rule and independence
from the British colonizers
• Indian National Congress and Muslim League
worked to achieve independence
– Turkey: Young Turks took control of Ottoman
government
• Armenian Massacre: Turks turned against
Christians living in the Ottoman Empire
• Nationalism and conflict in the Balkans
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Economic Revolution
• Agrarian Revolution (1750)
– Increased food production through changes in
farming techniques
– Enclosures forced small farmers off lands
– Better food created a population explosion
• Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)
– Means of production of goods shifted from hand tools
to complex machines
– Caused by increased work force, improved
technology, and new capital for investment
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Economic Revolutions
• Effects of the Industrial Revolution
– Laissez-faire economics means the government does
not interfere in production
– Free Market or Capitalism develops
– Big businesses emerge
– Middle class and lower classes struggle
– Urbanization- growth of cities
– Poor working conditions for workers
– Improved transportation (steam engine)
– Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States
are the most industrialized nations
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Social Revolutions
• Inspired by the hardships of the Ind. Rev.
• Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest
• Socialism- concentrated on interests of society
– Wanted businesses and farms to belong to all the
people and not just individuals
• Marxist Socialism (Communism)
– Karl Marx called for a revolution by the workers
against the capitalists
– The people should control all means of production
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Social Revolutions
• Education: Public schools were developed
• Reforms
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Slavery is abolished nearly everywhere
Suffrage is expanded
More rights for workers
Improvements in universal education
• Impact of Industrialization
– Migration to industrialized nations
• Famine in Ireland forced Irish to leave
– Development of a global economy (interdependency)
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Japanese/ Meiji Restoration
• Opening of Japan (1853)
– Japan was isolated for 200yrs. (Tokugawa)
– US Commodore Perry forces Japan to open
– Treaty of Kanagawa gave America trading
rights with Japan
• Modernization and Industrialization
– Emperor Meiji worked to modernize Japan
– Japan borrowed from the West the best ideas
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Imperialism
• Imperialism:
– The domination by one country of the political,
economic, or cultural life of another country
(Bullying)
• Causes
– Nationalism and belief in social Darwinism
– Militarism- need to be stronger than others
– Need for raw materials and natural resources
– “White Man’s Burden”
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Imperialism
• British in India
– Sepoy Mutiny- Indians refused to fight for G.B.
• Scramble for Africa
– European nations carved up Africa for colonies
– Africans resisted fought (Boer War)
• Imperialism in China
– Opium War with Britain
– Spheres of Influence created
– Boxer Rebellion- Chinese Boxers wanted to get rid of
foreigners in China
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