Transcript Unit 09 pptx

 Between 1750-1900, the philosophes’ enlightened
ideas transformed the world politically and
economically in North America, Europe, and Latin
America. Political revolutions resulted in
governments that included elements of limited
government, popular sovereignty, democracy,
nationalism, and human rights.
 The Enlightenment ideas of the philosophes ignited the American and French
Revolutions, which in turn led to the Latin American revolutions.
 The foundations for modern democratic government were established in the
American Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the French
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
 The Napoleonic Wars significantly affected nationalistic movements throughout
Europe and Latin America.
 Governments based on ideas such as separation of powers, checks and balances,
liberty, equality, democracy, popular sovereignty, human rights, constitutionalism,
and nationalism resulted from political revolutions.
 What was the influence of the philosophes on sparking future revolutions?
 What was the influence of the French and American revolutions on Simon Bolivar
and the revolutions in Latin America?
 How did the founding documents of the American Declaration of Independence,
the Constitution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
establish a standard for ideals of freedom in government?
 What was the impact of Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars on Europe and Latin
America?
 Enlightenment (Age of Reason)
 People give government its power
 People use laws to monitor and enforce human behavior
 Scientific Revolution
 scientific method
 reason to everything in society, including government
 Inspired the American & French Revolutions
 Some European monarchies made limited reforms
 Inspired social progressivism and education improvement
 Increased secularism as people began to question religious teachings
 Secularism led to the rise of individualism; people started looking inward at
themselvess
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Ideas from the English Glorious Revolution:
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-written bill of rights (English Bill of Rights -1689)
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-limited monarchy
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Ideas from the Enlightenment
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-All people have rights
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-Governments should protect peoples’ rights
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-People can abolish govts that don’t protect peoples’ rights
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-More secular
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-Stressed religious tolerance
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-“No taxation without representation” = the right to vote on laws that affected them
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-Land issues: Proclamation of 1763 gave land to Native Americans instead of the
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colonists after the French and Indian War
-Quartering Act: Americans were forced to house and feed British soldiers
 Characteristics
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Merchants started the revolution to protest British taxation without
representation
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Loyalists: approximately ? of America’s colonists stayed loyal to Great Britain
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Patriots: approximately ? of America’s colonists
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Neutral: approximately ? of America’s colonists were undecided
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Alliances with France and Spain helped ensure success
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British supply lines overstretched
 Consequences
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U.S. Independence
Declaration of Independence
- authored by Thomas Jefferson
- unalienable rights: rights people are born with
- reiterated John Locke’s ideas of natural rights (life, liberty; changed property to
“pursuit of happiness”
- also reasserted Locke’s idea that govt’s were created by the people to protect
natural rights
- when governments fail to protect natural rights, people have the duty to
overthrow
the unjust government
 auses
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Influences from both the Enlightenment’ and the American Revolution
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Social inequalities (1st, 2nd, & 3rd estates)
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Abusive monarchy and nobility
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Overwhelming debt
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High tax burden
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Crop failures led made prices to expensive for peasants to afford
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Famine
 Characteristics
Originated in the the lower classes
Extremely violent
Reign of Terror
Guillotine
Executed Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, many in the nobility
 Consequences
Published The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Extended the rights of popular sovereignty to the nation
Eliminated hereditary privileges of the nobility
Freed the peasants
Governmental chaos during the Reign of Terror led to military coup d'etat by
Napoleon
Napoleonic wars created the French Empire and spread nationalistic ideas
throughout
Western Europe and the French Caribbean
 France
Restored order after French Revolution
Improved economy through efficient taxation system and a national bank
- trained civil service officials
Pope Pius VII issued the Concordat of of 1801
- Made the Roman Catholic Church the majority church of France
- Rejected churchmcontrol over national affairs
Napoleonic Code
- Created a uniform law code in France
- Limited free speech, press, and women’s rights
 Other parts of Europe
Annexed Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy.
Created a “puppet government” in Switzerland.
Spread of French nationalist sentiments and success of their army prompted the
formation of the Third Coalition consisting of: Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden,
and
later Prussia.
Britain maintained naval supremacy after defeating the French at Trafalgar
Continental System
– Napoleon’s unsuccessful attempt to wage economic war against a British
“nation of shopkeepers”
- Hurt France more than Britain
 Napoleon sent French troops to Haiti to squash the rebellion there.
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French troops wiped out by yellow fever
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Haitian Republic created
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Anti-French colonial independence movement developed in the Spanish
colonies
 o Spanish creoles in the colonies aren’t loyal to the French
 o argued that the people should be in control
 o 1814 Spanish Restoration
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- Ferdinand is restored to the Spanish throne
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- Independence movements continue
 Dreamed of a united democratic South American federation
 led the fight for to gain independence in Venezuela
 Gran Colombia = Bolivar joined together Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia
 Bolivar was the 1st President
 Allied with Argentinian leader Jose de San Martin and successfully defeated the
Spanish in Peru.
 Forced to resign after declaring himself dictator in 1828