Transcript ppt - McKinney ISD Staff Sites

Latin American Revolution
Unit 7
Setting the Stage
• The French ideals of liberty, equality, and
fraternity inspired many Latin Americans to
rise up against their French, Spanish, and
Portuguese masters
• An important effect on Latin America as a
result of the American and French revolutions
were independence movements began against
colonial rule
Revolution in Haiti
• French colony of Saint
Domingue was the first
Latin American territory
to free itself from
European ruler. Now
known as Haiti
• Nearly 500,000
enslaved Africans made
up the majority of the
population
– Most worked on
plantations
• An African priest, Boukman, called
for a revolution
• Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, an exslave, he rose to become a skilled
general and diplomat
• He moved into Spanish territory of
St. Domingo and freed the slaves.
• French troops landed and accused
Toussaint of planning another
uprising, seized him and put him in a
French prison where he later died
• Toussiant’s general, Jean-Jacques
Dessalines, took up the fight
– Declared the colony an independent
country (the 1st black colony to free
itself from European control), he
called it Haiti
Latin America sweeps to freedom
• Society sharply divided into classes based on
birth
– Peninsulares: men who had been born in Spain, could
hold the high office in Spanish colonial gov.
– Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America, could no
hold high level political office, but could rise as
officers in the army
– Mestizos: persons of mixed European and Indian
ancestry
– Mulattos: Persons of mixed European and African
ancestry
– Africans
– Indians
Events in Europe
Trigger Latin American
Revolutions
• Napoleon’s conquest of
Spain in 1808 finally
triggered revolts in the
Spanish colonies.
• After he had removed
Spain’s King Ferdinand
VII, Napoleon made his
bother Joseph, King of
Spain
• Creoles argued when
the real king was
removed, power shifted
to the people
The Libertadores end
Spanish Rule
• Simon Bolivar, a wealthy
creole, was influenced by the
American and French
Revolutions: He adopted
Enlightenment ideals and
began revolutions against
Spanish authority.
• Bolivar’s army suffered
numerous defeats, but it took
the Spanish by surprise in
Bogota
• 1821, Bolivar had won
Venezuela its independence
• Jose Francisco de San Martin’s
Argentine had declared its
independence in 1816
• However, Spanish armies in
nearby Chile and Peru still
posed a threat so San Martin
led his army to Chile
• He helped free Chile
• San Martin and Bolivar met up
and San Martin left Bolivar in
command of his forces.
• With unified forces, Bolivar’s
army went on to defeat the
Spanish
– He freed Ecuador, Peru, and a
country named Bolivia after
him.
Mexico ends Spanish rule
• 1810 Padre Miguel Hidalgo, a priest in
the small village of Dolores, took the
first steps towards revolution
• He firmly believed in the
Enlightenment ideals
• Indian and mestizo followers marched
towards Mexico City
– The Spanish army and creoles joined
forces and defeated Hidalgo on 1811
– Rebels rallied behind Padre Jose
Morelos who led the revolution for 4
years
• Defeated by creole officer, Agustin de
Iturbide
• Declares independence from Spain in 1821
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
• Brazil’s quest for independence was unique
• As Napoleon’s troops approached Lisbon, the Portuguese capital,
Prince John (Later King John VI) and the royal family boarded ships to
escape capture.
• They sailed to Portugal’s largest colony, Brazil
• For 14 years, Brazil was the center of of the Portuguese empire
• After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, the Portuguese government wanted
Brazil to go back to a colony
• 1822, creoles demanded independence, signed a petition asking Dom
Pedro, King John’s son, to rule. He agreed.
• Sept. 7 1822, Brazil officially declared independent through a
bloodless revolution
Independence brings disunity
• Throughout Latin America, independence
actually brought an increase in poverty
• The wars had disrupted trade and devastated
cities and countryside
• After all the destruction, the dream of a
united Latin America quickly fell apart.