Transcript Chapter 24- Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

Nationalist
Revolutions Sweep
the West
Chapter 24 (P. 678-705)
S
Latin America
S Inspired by the American & French
Revolutions
S Enlightenment ideas spread
S Resentment of colonial powers
Divided Society
S PeninsularesS Born in Spain
S Top of society
S Only people who could hold high office in
colonial government
S Small percentage of population
Divided Society
S CreolesS Spaniards born in Latin America
S Below peninsulares in rank
S Could not hold high-level political office but
could rise as high officers in colonial armies
Divided Society
S Below Peninsulares & Creoles:
S Mestizos- mixed European & Indian ancestry
S Mulattos- mixed European & African ancestry,
& enslaved Africans
S Indians
Haiti
S Slave revolt
S Led by: Toussaint
L’Ouverture
S First black colony to
free itself from
European control
Creoles Lead Independence
S Least oppressed of
those born in Latin
America
S Best educated
S Traveled to Europe
S Returned with
Enlightenment ideas
Simon Bolivar
S Venezuelan Creole
S Won victory in
Venezuela then went
to Ecuador
S Where he met Jose
de san Martin
Jose de San Martin
S Argentinian
S Freed Chile
S Met with Bolivar
S Bolivar took San
Martin’s army to
liberate Peru
Mexico
S Miguel Hidalgo
S Priest, called for
rebellion
S Grit de Delores (cry of
Delores)
Mexico
S Initial attempts at gaining independence were
defeated
S Until a revolution in Spain put a liberal group
pin power
S Mexico’s Creoles feared the loss of their
privileges- united with rebellion
Brazil
S Occurred without
violence or
widespread
bloodshed
S Portugal had moved
capital to Brazil (14
years)
Brazil
S Portuguese government
returned to Portugal
S King’s son stayed
S Demands for
independence & for
king’s son to rule
S He agreed- bloodless
revolution
Europe- Clash of Philosophies
S Conservative- usually wealthy property owners &
nobility, wanted to protect traditional monarchies
S Liberal- mostly middle-class business leaders &
merchants, wanted to give more power to elected
parliaments
S Radical- favored drastic change to extend
democracy to all people
Nationalism
S The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should
not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of
people who share a common culture and
history
S Will blur the lines between the three political
theories
Nation-State
S Nation with its own independent government
S Defends its territory & way of life
S Represents the nation to the rest of the world
Bonds that Create a NationState
S Culture
S History
S Language
S Territory
S Nationality
S Religion
Types of Nationalist
Movements
S Type: Unification
S Characteristics: Mergers of politically divided
but culturally similar lands
S Examples: 19th Century Germany and Italy
Types of Nationalist
Movements
S Type: Separation
S Characteristics: Culturally distinct group resists
being added to a state or tries to break away
S Examples: Greeks in the Ottoman Empire,
French-speaking Canadians
Types of Nationalist
Movements
S Type: State-building
S Characteristics: Culturally distinct groups form
into a new state by accepting a single culture
S Examples: United States, Turkey
Effects of Nationalism
S Austrian Empire- breaks up into Austria-
Hungary
S Russian Empire- Disunification & end of
Czars
S Ottoman Empire- Armenian massacre &
weakening of empire
Italy
S Unified
S Capital- Rome
S Pope continues
to govern
Vatican City
Germany
S Unification led by
Prussia
S Otto von Bismark
S Prime Minister
S Realpolitik- tough
power politics
without idealism
Germany
S Bismarck united
Germans by force
S King Wilhelm I of
Prussia named Kaiser
(emperor)
S Second Reich
S HRE was the first
Effect of Nationalism
S Europe’s balance of power had broken down
S Britain & Germany- most powerful
S Austria & Russia- lag behind
S France- somewhere in the middle