Transcript Nationalists Sweeps the West

Nationalists Sweeps the West
Latin American Peoples Win
Independence
I. Colonial Society Divided
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Enslaved Africans Indians
Revolutions in the Americas
 Revolution in Haiti
Enslaved Africans
outnumbered their
masters dramatically
Toussaint L’Ouverture
emerged as the
leader
1801 took control of
the entire island and
freed all the
enslaved Africans
Revolutions in the Americas
 1804 colony declared
an independent
country
 Overall,
independence was
significant because it
was the first black
colony to free itself
from European
control
Creoles Lead Independence in
Venezuela, Argentina, and Mexico
Background on Creoles
Could not hold public office
They were the best educated
1810, rebellion broke out
 Creoles opposed the Napoleon’s appointment of his
brother as king of Spain
Two Important Generals
Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan)
Jose de San Martin (Argentinean)
Venezuela’s Independence
 Bolivar’s Victory
Declared Venezuela’s
independence in 1811
 Was not accepted
immediately
1819, led over 2,000
soldiers on a march through
the Andes into Colombia.
 He won.
1821, won Venezuela’s independence.
Then marched south to Ecuador where he met Jose de
San Martin.
Argentina’s Independence
 San Martin leads Southern Liberation Forces
Declared Argentina’s independence in 1816.
1817 freed Chile.
1821, met with Bolivar to help drive the Spanish
forces out of Peru.
San Martin left his army for Bolivar to command.
Significant because with a unified army, Bolivar is
able to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of
Ayacucho.
Latin America won their freedom.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
 1810, Miguel Hidalgo
issued a rebellion against
the Spanish
 Uprising alarmed the
Spanish army and the
creoles
 Army defeated Hidalgo in
1811.
 Rebels rallied around
another leader – Jose
Maria Morelos.
 Morelos led the
revolution for four years.
 Defeated in 1815.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
Mexico’s Independence
1820, revolution in Spain put a liberal group in
power
As a result, Mexico’s creoles united to support
Mexico’s independence from Spain.
Augustin de Iturbide proclaimed independence
in 1821
1823, Central America declared its
independence from Mexico
Brazil’s Independence
 1807, Napoleon’s armies
invaded both Spain and
Portugal
 Royal family fled to Brazil
 After Napoleon’s defeat the
government returned to Portugal
but Dom Pedro, King John’s son stayed behind in Brazil.
 1822, creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from
Portugal.
 Brazilians sign a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule
 He agreed and he officially declared Brazil independent in
1822 through a bloodless revolution
Europe Faces Revolutions
Clash of Philosophies
 Three Schools of political thought.
 Conservative
 Argued for protecting traditional monarchies of Europe.
Liberal
 They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments,
but only the educated and the landowners would vote.
Radical
 Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all
people.
 Believed that governments should practice the ideas of
the French Revolution.
Nationalism Develops
In 1815, France, England, and Spain were
the only nation-states in Europe.
People who believed in nationalism were
either liberals or radicals.
In most cases, the liberal middle class led
the struggle for constitutional government
and the formation of nation-states.
1830s Uprisings Crushed
 Old order arranged by the Congress of Vienna
was falling apart.
 Revolutionary zeal swept across Europe.
Liberals and nationalists were openly revolting
against conservative governments.
 Nationalists riots broke out against Dutch rule in
Brussels.
1830, the Belgians declared their independence from
Dutch control.
1830s Uprisings Crushed continued
 Italy
 Nationalists worked to unite several separate states on the
Italian peninsula.
 Other states were independent and some were rule by Austria or
the pope.
 Prince Metternich (Austrian) sent troops to restore order in Italy.
 Russia
 Poles staged a revolt in Warsaw in late 1830.
 Took Russian armies a year to crush the Polish uprising.
 By the mid-1830s the old order seemed to have
reestablished itself but the appearance of stability did not
last long.
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
 1848, ethnic uprisings erupted throughout
Europe.
 Overall, European politics continued to seesaw.
Many liberal gains were lost to conservatives within a
year.
By 1849, Europe had practically returned to
conservatism that had controlled the governments
before 1848.
Radicals Change in France
 1848 Revolts
 Only in France was the main goal of revolution a democratic
government.
 The Third Republic
 Louis-Philippe fell from popular favor.
 Paris mob overturned monarchy and established a republic.
 Immediately, the new republic began to fall apart.
 Radicals split into factions.
 Differences set off bloody battles in Parisian streets.
 As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up in 1848.
• It called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the
people.
Radicals Change in France
France Accepts a Strong Ruler
December 1848, Louis-Napolean (nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte) won the presidential
election.
He built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and
promoted a program of public works.
Because of his policies, unemployment decreased in
France, and the country experienced real prosperity.
Reform in Russia
Background
Still under feudal system.
By 1820s, many Russians believed that
serfdom must end.
It was morally wrong, but it was also preventing the
empire from advancing economically.
Czars were reluctant to free the serfs.
Freeing them would anger the landowners, whose
support they needed to stay in power.
Reforms in Russia
Defeat Brings Change
Crimean War 1853.
After the war, Nicholas’s son – Alexander II –
decided to move Russia toward modernization
and social change.
Reforms in Russia
Reform and Reaction
1861, issued a decree freeing serfs.
Alexander II assassinated.
Alexander III tightened czarist control over the
country.
Encouraged industrialization.
Nationalism was a major force behind Russia’s
drive toward industrial expansion.