Transcript WORLD HISTORY Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

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 Take
an answer sheet from the table.
 Have a seat.
 Put away everything except for a
pen/pencil and your answer sheet.
• Label your answer sheet “3rd9” in Exam #
• Put ALL electronic devices away!
 Quietly
await further instructions.
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 “Tsar” or “Czar” is
the Russian word for
“Caesar.”
 Romanov Dynasty
 Pyotr Romanov
• Aka “Peter the Great”
• Modernized Russia in 18th Century
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SSWH14 The student will analyze the Age of
Revolutions and Rebellions.
• a. Examine absolutism through a comparison of the rules
of Louis XIV, Tsar Peter the Great, and Tokugawa
Ieyasu.
• b. Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in
England (1689), United States (1776), France (1789), Haiti
(1791), and Latin America (1808-1825).
• c. Explain Napoleon’s rise to power, the role of
geography in his defeat, and the consequences of
France’s defeat for Europe.
• d. Examine the interaction of China and Japan with
westerners; include the Opium War, the Taiping
Rebellion, and Commodore Perry.
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 For
which of the following is Peter the
Great best remembered?
a) Founding the Russian Air Force
b) Westernizing Russia
c) Christianizing northern Asia
d) Russianizing Western Europe
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 The
samurai of Japanese feudalism
were equivalent to which of the
following groups in European
feudalism?
• a) lords
• b) knights
• c) serfs
• d) merchants
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 Which
of the following is/are TRUE of
Peter the Great (Russia), Louis XIV
(France), and Tokugawa Ieyasu
(Japan)?
• A) the were all considered “sun kings”
• B) they were all absolute rulers
• C) they all had twin brothers
• D) All of the above
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 Simon
Bolivar and Jose de San Martin
were both
a) leaders of Latin American nationalist
movements during the 1960s
b) Spanish general who fought Napoleon at
Waterloo
c) leaders of successful Latin American
revolutions that led to independence
d) leaders of anti-US nationalist movements
in Central America during the 1970s and ‘
80s.
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 Great
Britain and France were both
ruled by absolute monarchs
• Rulers had complete control over all
decisions of government
• They ruled by “Divine Right”
 They believed themselves to be God’s
“representatives”
 Often used this to justify harsh, unfair, or unpopular policies
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 Following
the “Age of Revolutions,” most
European countries became limited
monarchies
• King/queen was still “head of state,” but
power was limited by legislative bodies (a
congress or parliament)
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Not all revolutions led to limited
monarchies
• Some led to republics, in which the people
chose their leaders (e.g. United States of
America)
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16th century Japan – Tokugawa Ieyasu, a shogun, united
Japan after centuries of political turmoil
Japanese society was divided into different classes:
• Emperor – top rank, but with no real political power
• Shogun – military leader with absolute control of government;
required movement of daimyo every other year to guarantee
centralized power
• Daimyo – feudal lords who were granted lands by the shogun
(same as European feudal lords)
 Daimyo ruled at the local level, to keep citizens from rebelling
 Daimyo granted land to the samurai (Japan’s warrior class)
• Peasants, artisans, merchants (merchants were the lowest)
 In feudal Japan, this lower class paid most of the taxes and led hard lives
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Ieyasu controlled Japanese culture by banning Christianity
and sought to rid Japan of all Christians
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Peter Romanov Became Czar (Tsar) in 1696
 Personality and stature were imposing; Peter was
6’8” tall
 Russia was still under the feudal system when
Peter came to power
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• Russia had no “renaissance”
• Serfs were tied to the land they worked and treated
like property; they had no rights
As Tsar, Peter visited western Europe to learn its
customs and manufacturing techniques
 He wanted Russia to be able to compete with
Europe on commercial and military terms
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• Began moving toward his goal of westernizing Russia
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Assumed control of the Russian Orthodox Church by
abolishing the office of Patriarch. Established a committee
known as the Holy Synod to run the Church the way he
desired
Reduced the power of landowners (boyars) by promoting
men from lower-ranking families into positions of authority
and granting them land
Hired European military officers to teach Russian soldiers
European military tactics with European weapons. The
military became a lifetime job for soldiers.
Opened schools for arts, sciences, and navigation
Introduced potatoes to the Russian diet
Forced Russian nobles (boyars) to dress in western fashions
Began Russia’s first newspaper
Allowed women to attend social gathering
Encouraged/forced people to study the sciences in foreign
lands
Built St. Petersburg, a western-styled capital city
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Some French Nobles Led Riots That Threatened
Young Louis’ Life
 When he came to power as king of France, he never
forgot nor forgave them
 Louis weakened the power of the nobles by
excluding them from his councils
 He increased the power of government officials who
collected taxes for him
 Encouraged and promoted French mercantilism
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• Placed high tariffs on imported goods; encourage people
to move to France’s American colonies
• Sought to increase the amount of furs sent back to France
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Forced many nobles to live in his palace at Versailles
• This would avoid them interfering with his tax collectors’
duties in the countryside
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 These
revolts sought to change the
existing governments of Great Britain,
France, and America
 In all three cases, absolute monarchs
were replaced with a more democratic
form of government
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In 1625, Charles I (Charles Stuart) Became King of
England
Like his father, James I (Stuart), believed in concept of
divine right
• Used it as justification to tax people of England very
heavily
Called a Parliament (legislative meeting) to obtain
financing for wars/exploring expeditions
Parliament suspicious of motives behind these tax
hikes
• Wanted some guarantee that the king would respect
their rights
Magna Carta, which addressed some of these issues,
had been in effect since 1215
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Parliament presented him with the Petition of Right
• Demanded end to imprisoning subjects without due
cause
 Known as habeas corpus
 Individuals MUST be charged with a specific crime
in order to be held in jail
• Demanded end to levying taxes without consent of
Parliament
 “No taxation without representation”
 Major point of contention between American
colonists and British during Revolutionary War
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This led to the English Civil War
King’s supporters were called Cavaliers
Supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads (led by Oliver
Cromwell)
Roundhead defeated Cavaliers and King Charles I put on trial for
treason (jury found him guilty)
• Charles was beheaded in 1649
Cromwell himself dismissed Parliament and established a
decade-long dictatorship called the Protectorate
Cromwell eventually proved as unpopular as the king he deposed
1660 – after the death of Cromwell and the son who succeeded
him, the monarchy was restored back to the Stuart Dynasty
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King Charles II was popular, but ineffective; succeeded by his
son, James II
James II tried to invoke divine right to get money from Parliament
Both Parliament and James II eventually agreed he must be
removed from the throne
Parliament invited Protestant daughter of James II, Mary, and her
husband William, to rule jointly
• Condition was that “William and Mary” would be subject to
the law of the land
• Since their time, all English/British monarchs have been more
or less controlled by Parliament
 Called “limited monarchy”
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King Charles II was popular, but ineffective; succeeded by his
son, James II
James II tried to invoke divine right to get money from Parliament
Both Parliament and James II eventually agreed he must be
removed from the throne
Parliament invited Protestant daughter of James II, Mary, and her
husband William, to rule jointly
• Condition was that “William and Mary” would be subject to
the law of the land
• Since their time, all English/British monarchs have been more
or less controlled by Parliament
Called “limited monarchy”
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 United
England, Scotland, Wales, and
Northern Ireland
 Country now known as “Great Britain”
• In modern times, often referred to as “United
Kingdom” or simply “U.K.”
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Leaders of the American Revolution Borrowed
Heavily From the Philosophers of the Enlightenment
Thomas Jefferson borrowed heavily from the ideas of
John Locke in the Declaration of Independence
• Governments controlled by people
• Government exists to protect natural rights of
people…life, liberty, property (pursuit of happiness)
• Unjust governments should be overthrown by the
people and suitable ones established
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1754 – Britain became involved in the French and
Indian War
• Sent troops/ships to colonies to defend colonial
subjects from the French and their Indian allies
 Known in Europe as the Seven Years’ War; fighting
in Europe, as well
• War was fought to drive French out of North America
• Britain acquired large debt, as a result of the war
• Later demanded American colonists pay part of the
debt, in the form of higher taxes
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 To
raise money to cover the debt, British began
imposing a series of new taxes on their
American colonies
• Colonists complained that they had no
representation in Parliament, but taxed
anyway (“taxation without representation”)
• King George III continued to tax the colonies
fairly heavily
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 1776
– Colonists signed and present
Declaration of Independence to the
world
• Proclaimed independence from Great Britain
and formation of United States of America
• After the revolution, the new government was
formed as a republic
• British maintained a continued North
American presence in Canada
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 The
French Revolution is Considered to
be the Most Important Event in
Western History
 Changed the course of western history
 Ideas of the Enlightenment on the French
Revolution are apparent in many ways
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System that had ruled France since the Middle Ages;
outdated and corrupt
Divided into three estates, or classes
First Estate – Roman Catholic Church and its hierarchy
of archbishops, bishops, abbots, etc.
• Owned large amounts of land and paid no taxes
Second Estate – nobility
• Also owned large amounts of land and paid no taxes
Third Estate – everyone else in France (ranging from
business owners to peasants)
• 96% of France’s population
• Had only one vote in the Estates General (French
equivalent to the English Parliament)
• First and Second Estates always voted together; thus,
Third Estate
was powerless
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 Business
owners, also called the
“bourgeoisie,” wanted respect under
law, based on their wealth
 Urban workers, known as the “sans
coulottes” or “proletariat,” wanted
improved working conditions and better
quality of life
 Peasants wanted a reduction in their
heavy tax burden
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Allowed his wife, Marie Antoinette, to spend huge
amounts of money on personal items
Meanwhile, the French Treasury fell deeper in debt and
many French people literally starved
Louis ignored advice of his finance minister and
imposed taxes on the Second and Third Estates
• Nobles refused to pay taxes until they had their say
in the Estates General
Another example of “no taxation without representation
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When this was denied, they formed a new constitution
for France, the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
Louis called out troops to destroy the Third Estate; Third
Estate, in turn, stormed the Bastille, a notorious armory
and prison, and took ammunition and gunpowder for
themselves
Louis eventually gave in to the demands of the Third
Estate
Louis and Marie Antoinette were eventually executed
on the guillotine under the radical revolutionary
administration of Maximillian Robespierre
• Robespierre was eventually executed himself for his
abuses of power
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Other European Monarchies Did NOT Like This
New Rule by Citizens in France
Some actually sent troops to overthrown the new,
democratic government
The government, called the Directory, appointed
Napoleon Bonaparte to lead the army and stop other
armies from invading France
Napoleon promised governmental reform, economic
stability, and civil rights; very popular, at first
Soon began to abuse his power and act like a dictator
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He created a huge, but expensive to maintain, French
empire
Thousands of French soldiers were killed; French
people suffered the hardships of war
Napoleon was more interested in personal glory than
the common man in France
Invasion of Russia was a military disaster
Napoleon was exiled, but returned briefly to power
• Finally defeated by combined British and German
forces at Waterloo, Belgium commanded by the
British Duke of Wellington
• Again exiled to an island and died in British captivity
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At the End of the 18th Century, Haiti Was a Colony of
France
Produced sugar and coffee (slave labor)
Rigid caste system consisting of whites, free blacks,
and African slaves
• Rights of free blacks began to decrease
Open rebellion broke out
1791 – Slaves, led by Toussaint L’Overture, revolted
against white plantation owners
• L’Overture became “governor for life”
Napoleon sent troops, but the rebellion was eventually
successful (only successful slave rebellion in history)
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Revolutions Led to the Development of Independent
Nations
Success of American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
inspired Latin Americans to rise up against Spain
Simon Bolivar revolts in the north
Jose’ de San Martin led revolts in the south
Most Latin American governments proved to be little
better than the old Spanish colonial systems they
replaced
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Prior to 1840, China Restricted Trade with the Outside World
Chinese thought themselves superior and western goods of little
value
When trade with China increased in the 18th and 19th centuries,
western countries were buying more from China than they were
selling, resulting in an unfavorable trade balance
The British realized they could import opium from India to China
• Great demand for this addictive drug in China; many people
from all social classes became addicted
• Britain smuggled large amount of opium into China
• Chinese appealed to Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade,
but she refused
This led to the Opium War, which the British won
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 Officially
ended the Opium War and
opened China to western trade
 China required to open more ports for
trade, pay reparations to Britain, and give
city of Hong Kong to Britain
 British citizens in China were given
extraterritorial rights
• Not required to obey Chinese laws
 Gave
Great Britain most favored nation
status in trade with China
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Attempt by the Chinese to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
Citizens saw the Qing rulers as ineffective, due to the
Opium War
Hong Xiuquan led the rebellion in the city of Nanjing
Rebel forces unable to hold the city and Chinese army
troops eventually re-took it
Rebellion served to show the Chinese people that the
government was not all-powerful and increase the
ability of China to trade with the west
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Several unsuccessful attempts had been made to open Japanese
ports to western trade
1853 – U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Edo
(modern-day Tokyo)
• Demanded his letter from the U.S. President be given to the
Japanese government
• He threatened force, but did not use it
• Perry left and returned the following year
 Signed a treaty which opened Japan to trade with the U.S.
Japanese were very afraid of U.S. military and naval power
• Realized their “samurai” system was outdated and powerless
against modern arm
• Began a long campaign to upgrade Japanese army, navy, and
industry to mimic the west
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