Transcript unit 5 - Moore Public Schools

Unit Five: 1750 to 1900
Remember the acronym…
 Industrialization
 Revolution
 Imperialism
 Nationalism
 Emancipation
…and the song.
UNIT FIVE
French and US Revolutions;
Industry on the rise;
Colonial expansion;
Serfs and slaves are now free;
Japan’s climb, Unit Five
Periodization
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Relationship between governed and government
redefined as revolutions and independence
movements propelled by Enlightenment
Concept of nation becomes dominant political
force
Industrialization changes way people lived
– Powerful, industrialized nations dominated Asia and Africa
economically and politically
– Slaves and serfs emancipate in new wage and marketdriven world and women fight for emancipation
Themes
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1. What happens when people come in
contact with each other?
– With development of industrialization, the
world became truly interdependent
– Industrialized nations search for raw materials
and new markets and imperialize areas to
protect economic interests
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2. Why do some things change while other
things stay the same?
– Industrialization changed almost everything: way
people worked, lived, traveled, related to their
families, communicated, and identified themselves
– Many traditional forces resisted change: religious
influence and patriarchal gender structures
remained in many parts of the world
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3. How does the development of new
technology and movement of people affect the
world?
– New technologies quickened the pace of life
– As population grew, many migrated to cities for
job opportunities in factories
– Free wage laborers more desirable in new marketdriven economy instead of forced labor, so slaves
and serfs were emancipated
–
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4. How do societies organize themselves
socially and what roles do men and women
play?
– Middle class emerges as new force economically
and politically, leading to many political
revolutions
– Women gained some economic opportunities in
factories, but still paid less
– New economic opportunities and Enlightenment
ideals pushed women to fight for political rights
– Working class becomes force for change: labor
unions advocate for change in working conditions
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5. How do people identify themselves and
express themselves culturally and
intellectually?
– Western culture strongly influenced many Asian
and African areas through colonization, while
Asian and African culture and art influential on
European intellectuals and artists
– Enlightenment ideals like equality, freedom of
speech, freedom of religion became influential
– Traditional religious organizations maintained
power and influence in other parts of the world
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6. How do people govern themselves?
– Ideas of Enlightenment said government was
responsible to its people, inspiring revolutions and
independence movements throughout the period
– Governments experimented with democratic
values, but democracy extended to limited class of
people
– Older land-based empires struggled with change
and adaptation to new age
– The nation became the new concept of identity in
the 19th century and would soon spread worldwide
American Revolution
1774-1783
Britain’s empire after Seven Years’ War
 “No taxation without representation”
 Declaration of Independence
 Peace of Paris
 US Constitution and Bill of Rights
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French Revolution
1789-1815

Financial problems and social inequalities
 Three Estates and the Estates-General
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen
 Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre
and the Reign of Terror
Napoleon and his coup d’etat
 Effects of Napoleon’s Empire?
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– Spread of Enlightenment ideas through the
Civil Code
– Louisiana Purchase 1803
– Conquest of Spain weakened control over
American colonies
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Defeated by invasion of Russia, continental
system failure, survival of Great Britain and
nationalism
 Congress of Vienna restores old regimes:
conservative reaction to revolution
Revolutions of 1848
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Causes
– Three decades of reactionary rule
– Social and economic pressures caused by
Industrial Revolution
– Nationalism
– Economic downturns and bad harvests
(“hungry forties” ex. Irish Potato Famine)
“Every time France sneezes, Europe catches cold”
 Only Britain and Russia avoided revolution
 Prussia, Austria, German states, Italy…the
“turning point that did not quite turn”?
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–
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Prussia and Austria did grant constitutions
Importance of nationalism
Inspired Communist Manifesto
Political, social, economic demands of ordinary people
must be taken seriously
Haitian Revolution
1791-1803

Hispaniola split between Spanish Santo
Domingo and French Haiti
 Black slaves outnumber free population
 Inspired by American and French Revs
 Slave revolt led by L’Ouverture
 Napoleon failed to put down the rebellion
and it became the 2nd independent republic
in the Americas; 1st to abolish slavery
Latin American Wars for
Independence
1800s
 Creoles unhappy with role and regulations
 Major leaders: Simon Bolivar, San Martin,
Miguel Hidalgo
 Portuguese prince declared independence
and set himself up as monarch
 Creoles become dominant class but
continuities: socially stratified, slavery,
power of Church, lower classes repressed
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Struggled with independence
– Economies disrupted by warfare
– Large armies loyal to caudillos (commanders)
instead of national governments
– Disagreements on types of governments
– Catholic Church remained strong
– Foreign intervention
Why Revolutions?
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Enlightenment ideas
– Culmination of Renaissance, Reformation, and
Scientific Revolution
– Questioned absolute governments
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New wealth of the bourgeoisie
– Commercialization and economic growth meant
middle class grew in wealth and size, but not in
power
– This group educated in Enlightenment ideas
Comparing Revolutions
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When/where?
 Motivations
 Results in North v. Latin America
– Government
– Economy
– Social structure
Unification of Italy and
Germany

Italy
– Roman Catholic Church was strong and
discouraged nationalism
– Garibaldi led military campaign in south and
Cavour helped expel Austria in north
– King Emmanuell II king of independent Italy in
1870
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Germany
– Otto von Bismarck (Prussia) led series of wars
with Denmark, Austria and France to
consolidate Germany
– Shift in balance of power in Europe
Zionism

Movement by Jews for their
homeland…had remained a minority group
in various nations
 Anti-Semitism rose in 1800s with rise in
industrialization and urbanization; Rise in
Zionism follows
 Fought for Jewish state in Palestine
Industrialization

Advances in 1600s helped lead to modern
industry in 1700s
 Change from making goods in the home by
hand to by machines in factories
 Great Britain first to industrialize
– Technology, large population, natural
resources, capital, stable government

France and US close behind; Russia lags
 Steam engine and railroads
Impact of Industrialization
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Family unit weakens
Urbanization
Women (and children) in the factories
Working conditions and Unionism
Social classes
Rise in socialism/marxism (Karl Marx)
Era of leisure and consumption
Global division of labor: industrial countries
exploit non-industrial ones
Environmental impact
Ottoman Empire
Problems of Ottoman Empire: “sick man of
Europe” (economy, revolt, janissaries)
 1820: Egyptian independence under
Muhammad Ali, Suez Canal built in 1869
 Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1879
 Young Turks led coup in 1908 and set up
puppet sultan
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Russia
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Similarities to Ottoman Empire
 Russian empire was autocratic, multiethnic,
multilingual, multicultural
 Greatly expanded
 Military power not as good as Europe:
Crimean War (1853-1856)
 Czar Alexander II emancipated serfs 1861
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Industrialization and Trans-Siberian RR
Intelligentsia led protest and czar
assassinated in 1881
 Czar Nicholas II
– Russo-Japanese War 1905
– Bloody Sunday and Revolution of 1905
– Duma
China
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Problems of the Qing Dynasty
Opium War lost in 1839 and unequal treaties
increased European control
Taiping Rebellion 1850s
Self-Strengthening Movement
Hundred Days of Reform
Boxer Rebellion 1900
Sun Yat-Sen creates new modern Republic of
China in 1911
Japan – The Meiji Restoration
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US forced open trade 1853
 Civil War 1866-1868 overthrows shogun
and “restores” emperor to power
 Meiji Restoration
Imperialism and Its Impact
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Industrialization drove need for colonies
 Other motivations? Military/naval bases,
missionary efforts, “white man’s burden”
 Legacies? Economic shift of colonies to
cash crops, migration patterns shift,
scientific racism develops (Social
Darwinism)
India
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British East India Company monopoly and the
1857 Sepoy Mutiny
 Change to India? Forests cleared for crops,
infrastructure built, English-style schools for
elites, Indian customs suppressed (sati), helped
create Indian identity
 Educated Indian elite inspired by Enlightenment
ideas and call for reform
 Indian National Congress and the All-Indian
Muslim League
Africa

1880 to 1914: Europe went from restricted
to coasts to completely carving up Africa in
the “Scramble for Africa”
 Ethiopia and Liberia only two free states
 King Leopold of Belgium and Congo Free
State
 British in the Suez Canal
 Berlin Conference
Legacies of Imperialism
Emancipation of Slaves
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Liberals use Enlightenment arguments to
push for abolition of slavery
 Slave revolts and need for military make it
expensive and less profitable
 Slave trade ends first in GB in 1807; slavery
in GB colonies in 1833
 Freedom did NOT bring equality
Emancipation of Serfs
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Opposed on moral grounds, but also saw it a
roadblock to economic development
 1861 Czar Alexander II abolished
serfdom…but few rights, high taxes,
desperately poor
 No increase in agricultural production but
gave large urban work force for industry
Changing Roles of Women
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Enlightenment hypocrisy
 Mary Wollstonecraft
 Women’s movements become huge in GB,
US and Canada
 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
 Suffrage: Norway the first 1910, GB 1918,
US 1920
 New work opportunities but still paid less
Interaction and changes in
culture
Influence of Africa’s spare, dramatic style
 Influence of Japanese color and stylized forms
inspires Impressionists and liberate them from
traditional constraints
 Japan influenced by Western lit and architecture;
fashion, hair
 Industrialism brought higher wages and fewer
work hours = leisure, advertising, bicycle,
newspapers, theaters, sports popular
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