Transcript powerpoint 18

18
The Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization and Nationalism,
1800-1870
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
Britain in the Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
**Began in Britain because of its surplus of labor (Agriculture
Revolution), ready supply of capital for investment, and ample supplies
of mineral resources-coal and iron ore, needed in manufacturing process.

Europe shifted from an economy based on agriculture and
handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines
and automated factories
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Population growth because of cheap food production
Changes in Textile Production
-New technologies: Flying shuttle (made weaving on a loom faster
and enabled weavers to double their output)
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James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 ( allowed spinners to
produce yarn in greater quantities )
Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787(powered by water allowed
weaving of cloth to catch up with yarn)
James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 (could pump water from
mines three times as quickly as previous engines.
Cotton textile production- Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of
raw cotton imported in 1760, and 366 million by 1840
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Industrialization of Europe
Technological Changes
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Iron Industry
 Henry Cort, invented a system called Puddling, in which coke,
which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in
pig iron (crude iron) and produce an iron high quality
Railroad
 Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail
line in southern Wales, it pulled 10 tons of ore and seventy people
at 5 miles per hour
 George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830, sped along at 16 miles per hour
Ripple effect
 Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased sales mean
more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining
The Industrial Factory
 New workers (from peasants), working regular hours and in shifts
 Factories work discipline-fines, dismissals, and beating of children
Spread of Industrialization
Spread to Europe first-Belgium, France, and the German
States
 Government role- Britain-gave grants to inventors and in
building roads, canals, and railroads
 Creation and use of joint-stock investment banks
 United States
 Internal transportation; large territories, so built canals,
roads, and railroads, and used river transportation
 Labor- many textile workers were women and from
rural areas
 Growing population, 30 million by 1860 (larger than
Britain’s)
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization
to the Rest of the World
 Russia
was largely rural and agricultural ruled by
an autocratic regime that preferred to keep
peasants in serfdom
 India exported cotton cloth produced by hand
labor
 Purchase British-made goods
Social Impact of the Industrial
Revolution

Population Growth and Urbanization
 European population 140 million in 1750 and 266
million by 1850
 Decline of death rate
 Increased food supply
 Growth of cities
• Poor living conditions
• Sanitation -poor
Social Impact of the Industrial
Revolution (cont.’d)
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New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
 New bourgeois-people who were involved in commerce,
industry, banking, and other professionals
 Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured
out where the markets were
 Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed elite
New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class- Proletariat
 Poor working conditions-12 to 16 hours a day, 6 days a
week, with half hour for lunch/dinner
 Women and children-made up two-thirds of cotton industry,
women dominated the labor force after Factory Actlessened child labor
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Efforts at Change
 Socialism- product of intellectuals who believed in the
equality of all people and wanted to replace competition
with cooperation in industry.
 Theories became known as Utopian socialists- Robert Owen
reformed New Lanark in Scotland to meet Utopian
standards, tried it again in Indiana, and it failed
 Trade unions were formed by skilled workers in a number of
new industries and were to strike if demands not met
Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of
Nationalism
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Conservative Order
 Vienna peace settlement, 1814-establish peace
settlements after the Napoleonic Wars
 Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)- guided to
Vienna by the principle of legitimacy; goal was to
restore legitimate monarchs to preserve traditional
institutions
 Concert of Europe-later called principle of interventionsend armies into countries to prevent revolutions and
restore rightful monarchs
 Forces
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for Change
Liberalism
• Protection of civil liberties- representative, but limited
government
• Guaranteed by a document
• Right to vote to men of property only
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Nationalism
• Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
• Each nationality should have a government
• Becomes a threat to the existing order ex. German states,
Austrian Empire, Itlay
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Centers of Revolt in 1848-49
The Revolutions of 1848
 France
Agricultural depression, 1846
 Refusal to extend suffrage (right to vote) to the
middle class
 King Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, overthrown
February 24, 1848
 Provisional government, called for universal
male suffrage
 Second Republic established, November 4,
1848
 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
(Napoleon’s nephew) elected president
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Revolution in Central Europe
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The German Confederation- was established in 1815recognized 38 sovereign states
Prussian king, Frederick William IV, (1840-1861)agreed to establish new constitution and work for
united Germany
Frankfurt Assembly: hopes (universal suffrage) failedrulers didn’t accept new constitution
Revolution in Austria in March, 1848 –consisted of 11
ethnic groups, Germans were dominate and Hungarians
wanted own legislature- revolution failed b/c Russian
army helped Austria
Independence and the Development of the National
State in Latin America
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Nationalistic Revolts- in Latin American colonies; European control
weakened by Napoleonic wars
Enlightenment affects the creole class (whites born in new world) who
wanted to replace peninsulars (white Europeans)
*Mexico
• Divisions within Mexico-Hidalgo organized natives to revolt
on September 16, 1810, revolution failed-Hidalgo sentenced to
death; however, this day is celebrated as Mexico’s
Independence Day
• Augustin de Iturbide, first leader and emperor of Mexico,
creoles and peninsulars combined forces and defeated the
Spanish in 1821
Independence and the Development of the
National State in Latin America

South America- Independent movements were the work
of the elites who wanted control of the government
(natives gained little from revolts)
• José de San Martín (1783-1830) freed Argentina from Spanish
authority in 1810, as well as Chile
• Believed all of Latin America should be liberated
• Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) gained independence for
Venezuela, New Grenada (Colombia), and Ecuador
• He then joined San Martin and together they liberated Peru
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein
under license.
Latin America in the Early
Nineteenth Century
Difficulties of Nation Building
 Problems
of independence- no experience, loss of
population, property, and livestock
 Caudillos come to power-ruled by military force
 Economic dependence- now on Britain rather than
Spain
 No industrial revolution- continued to produce raw
materials for export
 Domination by landed elites
Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire
and the Eastern Question
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Ottoman control of the Balkans declines
Crimean War, 1853-1855- Christian holy place in
Palestine in question
 Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia
 Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853
 Britain and France fear Russians would gain an
advantage, declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
 Florence Nightingale- nurse who saved many lives, and
made nursing a profession for middle class women
 Treaty of Paris, 1855-ended war, Russia forced to give
up territories
 War destroyed the Concert of Europe
 Results of the war- Austria and Russia chief powers,
but bitter enemies
The Balkans in 1830
National Unification and the National State: 1848-1871
The Unification of Italy –King Victor Emmanuel II named
Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) as prime minister in
1852
 He allied Piedmont (wealthy Italian territory) with
France against Austria
 Austria was defeated; Peace settlement:
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• Kingdom of Piedmont gets Lombardy
• Other northern Italian states join Piedmont
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Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882); invaded Sicily with a
small army of Red shirts, defeated and captured The
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 Turned captured land turned over to Cavour
King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
 New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861Rome capitol (1871)
The Unification of Italy
The Unification of Germany
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King William I (1861-1888) appointed Count Otto von
Bismarck (1815-1898) as prime minister
 Realpolitik (the politics of reality) was known as a
realist; ignored Prussian Parliament
He annexed Schleswig and Holstein after the defeat of
Denmark in 1864
Austro-Prussian War, 1866 –Austria defeated
North German Confederation was organized
Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871-defeated French army
January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named Kaiser or
emperor of Second German Empire
 Affects of unification- was a triumph of authoritarian
and military values over liberal and constitutional
values
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license.
Ethnic groups within the Austrian
Empire
Nationalism and Reform: Great Britain, France, the
Austrian Empire, and Russia
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Great Britain: Age of Victoria (1837-1901)- managed to avoid
revolutionary upheavals that occurred on the continent
 Reform Act of 1832- male suffrage expanded
 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s- more rights for the
factory workers
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France
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Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870)- elected by his people
Economic growth and development- industrialization and public
projects
Reconstruction of Paris- underground sewage system, new public
water supply, etc.
Opposition grew in 1860s and Napoleon ousted in War with
Prussia
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Austria
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Problems of ethnic nationalism
Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, 1866, forced
Austrians to deal with the nationalistic Hungarians
Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire AustriaHungary with a single monarch, Francis Joseph (1848-1916)
Russia
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Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
Reforms-issued emancipation edict-peasants free to own property
and marry as they chose –failed
Was assassinated and his son, Alexander III, was against any
reforms
2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The United States and Canada in
the Nineteenth Century
Growth of the United States
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Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)
 Jacksonian democracy (1830’s)- all white males could
vote (no property requirements)
Slavery
 Cotton economy of the South
 Northern fear that slavery would spread
Abraham Lincoln elected in 1860, seven southern states
formed the Confederate States and seceded
Civil War (1861-1865)
 War to save the Union-600,000 died
 Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863
 April 9, 1865, Confederate States surroundered
The Emergence of a Canadian Nation
 Treaty
of Paris, 1763, Canada was transferred
from France to Britain
 Upper Canada (now Ontario) was British and
Lower Canada (Quebec) was largely French
 British Parliament formally joined Upper and
Lower Canada into United Provinces of Canada
 John Macdonald- became advocate on selfgoverning
 British North American Act, 1867 was passed
granting Canada independence-Macdonald first
Prime Minister
Cultural Life: Romanticism
 Characteristics
of Romanticism
 Interest in the past-Gothic literature
 Mary Shelley -Frankenstein
 Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar
 Poetry ranked above all other forms-love of
nature
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
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Believed that nature served as a mirror
• Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings
• Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
A New Age of Science
 Technological
advances
 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -- germ theory of
disease
 Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) -- periodic law
 Acceptance of the scientific method
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -- organic
evolution; survival of the fittest
Realism in Literature and Art
 Rejected
Romanticism
 Ordinary characters from natural life
 Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
 Madame Bovary
 Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
 Realistic portrayals of life
 The Stonebreakers
Discussion Questions
 Why
did the Industrial Revolution emerge in
Britain first?
 How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to
the Revolutions of 1848?
 Compare and contrast the process of national
unification in Italy and Germany.
 Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward
nature and history.