Transcript nation-states

European Nationalism
and Revolution
Vocabulary
Nationalism: loyalty to one’s nation; one of
the driving forces of modern history
Congress: an assembly/conference
Concert: mutual agreement
Conservatism: philosophy based on
tradition and social stability
Topics to Explore
Congress of Vienna
Revolutions in Latin America
Revolutions in Europe
Focus Questions
• Were either the Congress of Vienna or the
Concert of Europe successful?
• Did they instill conservative values?
• Did they create peace and stability over
time?
• Did they limit or stop future rebellions
against monarchy?
Napoleon was defeated in 1815
• People in Europe embraced Nationalism
• The French were seen as oppressors
• Other countries wanted to arm themselves
to prevent any further invasions
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
1814-1815
A series of international meetings to
bring peace and stability to Europe
• King Frederick William of Prussia
• Czar Alexander I of Russia
• Emperor Francis I of Austria
• foreign ministers of Britain and
France.
I have 3 goals:
Contain France,
create a balance
of power, and
restore the
monarch
• The most important leader at the Congress
of Vienna was Austria’s foreign minister,
Klemens von Metternich.
Metternich wanted to:
• Restore the
Monarchy in France
and in Europe
• Restore the
Monarch’s hereditary
right to rule
• bring peace & stability
back to Europe.
• Countries surrounding
France were made stronger
to weaken France and
provide a balance of power
across Europe
• A balance of military &
political power would keep
any one country from
dominating all of Europe.
• the Congress of
Vienna was based on
the political
philosophy of
conservatism
• based on tradition &
social stability
Congress of Vienna
• Conservatives favored obedience to
traditional political authority
• believed that organized religion was
important to an ordered society.
• Opposed to revolutions or demands
for rights & government
representation.
• The delegates agreed to meet in the future
Europe after the Congress
of Vienna, 1815
Concert of
Europe
1820-1853
Concert of Europe,
1820-1853
• An international alliance between Russia,
Austria, & Prussia, led by Klemens von
Metternich that met when peacekeeping
issues arose
• promised to help each other in
the event of revolution
• principle of intervention:
countries had a right to intervene
and crush any revolution that
threatened a monarchy
• Values of French Revolution
eventually spread throughout
Europe
• Question – What was the main purpose of
the Concert of Europe?
• Answer – The main purpose of the
Concert of Europe was to stop or crush a
revolution.
Revolutions of 1848
• Uprisings
for selfgovernment
in France,
the Austrian
Empire, and
the German
& Italian
states
Revolutions of 1848
• Nationalists claimed loyalty to their
fellow people rather than royal
rulers
• Nationalists wanted nation-states:
national governments that are
independent of royal rule and serve
the people and their ideals.
Revolutions of 1848
• Nationalists
believed they
would be united
by their shared
history, culture,
and land rather
than by any one
ruler.
• France attempted to set up a republic,
with an elected president & legislature.
– 1848 Paris mob overturns monarchy and
establishes a republic
– Election of Louis Napoleon
– Took on title of emperor
Nationalism Shakes 3 Empires
• Austria-Hungarian Empire
– Composed of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs and Italians
• Ottoman Empire
– Composed of Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians
and Armenians
• Russian Empire
– Composed of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles,
Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews,
Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks
• Austria-Hungarian Empire
– Austrian nationalists tried to set up a
constitutional government.
– Germans tried to create a constitution for a
unified Germany
• Ottoman Empire
– 1830 Greece wins independence from
Ottoman Empire
– 1856 Equal citizenship was granted
• Russian Empire
– Tsar Alexander II frees the serfs in 1861
Italy tried to create a nation
state
• In 1848, Revolts broke out in the Italian
states in the hopes of creating a unified
country.
Germany created a nation
state
• Otto Van Bismark
• Second Reich is
born
– Wilhelm II becomes
Kaiser Wilhelm
Revolutions of 1848
• these uprisings were quickly repressed,
but their ideals persisted.
• Within 20 years
nationalist
movements
would turn the
scattered states
of Germany
and Italy into
two new,
unified nationstates.
Summary
The Congress of Vienna created a balance of power in
Europe by surrounding France with strong countries.
• As a result of the Congress of Vienna, royalty was
returned to power in most of Europe
• Aristocratic Monarchies contained Nationalism until
the Revolutions of 1848.
•
•
Required readings: 238-241, 253-263
Focus Questions
• Were either the Congress of Vienna or the
Concert of Europe successful?
• Did they instill conservative values?
• Did they create peace and stability over
time?
• Did they limit or stop future rebellions
against monarchy?
Opinion

Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences)
explaining your ideas. Include an opinion
topic sentence and statements of fact that
support your topic sentence