Transcript File

WWI & Russian
Revolution
1914-1919
I. Build Up to War
A.
National Rivalry and Nationalism
1.
Intense rivalries over colonies and trade
2.
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente divided Europe into
two camps
i.
Germany felt that the Entente was an Anti-German
coalition
ii. Entente formed for fear of increasing German
military/industry
3.
Growth of nationalism by Slavs in the Balkans and
Austria-Hungary
i.
Austria felt Serbian nationalism was a threat
I. Build Up to War
ii.
1.
i.
B.
Russia supported the Serbians
Socialist labor movement strikes increased tension
Some thought external trouble would help stop
internal trouble
Increased Militarism
1.
Increase in military size and armaments
2.
Led to the feeling in other countries to arm faster and
more to protect themselves
Map: Entente & Alliance
II. Mobilization to War
A.
June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated
by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian terrorist in an organization, the
Black Hand
B.
Germany encouraged Austrian action against Serbia
C.
July 23, 1914- Austria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia, which
Serbia did not accept
D.
July 28, 1914- Austria declares war on Serbia
E.
July 30, 1914- Russia orders full mobilization to support Serbia
against Austria and Germany
II. Mobilization to War
F.
August 1, 1914- Germany declares war on Russia because
Russia would not demobilize
G. August 3, 1914- Germany declares war on France
1.
General Alfred von Schlieffen devised Schlieffen Plan to
deploy most of the troops to France, knock them out
before Russia fully mobilized and then redeploy to Russia
and take them out
Map: Schlieffen Plan & Plan XVII
II. Mobilization to War
H. Belgium refused Germany entrance to march
through to France and Germany invaded,
violating Belgian neutrality
1.
August 4, 1914- Britain enters the war
III. The Great, Quick, and Righteous War
A. The war began with everyone optimistic that
the war would last only weeks
B. Each side was convinced of the rightness of
their cause and charged with national passion
C. Many of the young felt that the war was a break
from a modern age preoccupied with money,
work, and material goods
Primary Source: Recruitment Posters
Britain
Germany
Primary Source: Views of the War
The beginning…
The reality of war…
 “The entire campaign a
 “The wall of the trench
resounding march of
victory- “We’ll be home
at Christmas,” the
recruits shouted
laughingly to their
mothers in August of
1914 . . .”
- Stefan Zweig, The
World of Yesterday
is plastered with
smoking splinters,
lumps of flesh, and bits
of uniform. . . The first
recruit seems actually
to have gone insane. ”
- Erich Remarque, All
Quiet on the Western
Front
IV. Western Stalemate
A.
Europe unprepared for the war- fought a modern war
with modern weapons as if they were fighting a 19th
century war
B.
Trench Warfare
1. Schlieffen Plan unsuccessful- Germany and France
frozen and dug into trenches for almost four years
2. Trenches full of mud, rats, rotting bodies, and
disease- no access to medical care
i.
Wet feet led to Trench Foot and the rotting of the
feet
Primary Source: Trench Warfare
Primary Source: Trench Warfare
Primary Source: Trench Foot
IV. Western Stalemate
Men who rushed out of the trenches were quickly cut
down by machine gun power or heavy artillery
i.
Tanks devised at the time to be heavy armored
vehicles to run over trenches and avoid gun fire
4. Germans began to use poison gas in 1915
5. Generals ordered attacks hoping to wear the opposite
side out – not successful
3.
Primary Source: WWI Weapons
Machine Gun
Tank
IV. Western Stalemate
C. Russia quickly defeated by the Germans
D. Italy betrayed the Triple Alliance by attacking
Austria in May, 1915 – promised Austrian land
E. Battle of Verdun, February, 1915- Germany
attacked Verdun (France) hoping to devastate
France out of the war – causalities were more
than a million with 300,000 dead – Britain
turned to the offense and pulled Germany out
F. 1917- Russia pulls out of the war due to
revolution
V. The True World War
A. The Ottoman Empire
1.
2.
November, 1914Entente declares war
on Ottoman Empire
Germany, Austria,
Ottoman make up
the Central Powers
i.
Italy joins France
and Britain
Map: Europe At War
V. The True World War
B. Africa
1.
2.
3.
Allied and Central Powers fought in Africa,
taking colonies from each other
Lawrence of Arabia fought against Ottoman in
Middle East in 1917; destroyed the Ottomans by
1918
African troops used on the fields of North Africa
and Western Europe; also laborers
Primary Source: African Troops
V. The True World War
A. East Asia
Japan joined the Allies in 1914 because they wanted
German territory in Asia
B. The U.S.
1. U.S. attempted neutrality
2. 1915- Naval war between Britain and Germany led
to Germany sinking the passenger ship Lusitania,
on which Americans were boarded – agitated U.S.
and Germany stopped submarine warfare
1.
V. The True World War
1917- Final straw, Germany reassumes submarine
warfare
i.
Zimmerman Telegram- Germany promises
Mexico previous territory now owned by U.S. to
keep U.S. occupied
4. Entrance of the U.S. in 1918 gave a morale boost to
the demoralized Allied troops fighting in Europe
3.
VI. The Homefront
A. Countries at war had to begin conscription for
men and to avoid bringing skilled men into the
military
B. Economic changes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Price, wage, and rent control
Regulation of imports and exports
Rationing of food
Nationalization of transportation and industry
Primary Source: Food Shortages
Britain
The U.S.
VI. The Homefront
C. Patriotism dissolved into political discontent
1.
2.
3.
British Defense of the Realm Act allowed for the trying of
dissenters as traitors
Censorship of newspapers and publicized information
In 1917, France suspended civil liberties
D. Propaganda increasingly important
Primary Source: Propaganda
Zimmerman Telegraph
U.S. Patriotism
VI. The Homefront
E.
As men went away to war, there were more jobs available
and unemployment declined
1. Women also entered the workforce in large numbers,
working formerly male dominated jobs like truck
driving and heavy industry – women demanded equal
wages (France made strides to equalize pay)
2. Women’s roles in the workforce seen as temporary –
would give up jobs when men returned
3. Led to a new awareness of women in their own
independence and livelihood apart from men – led to
women in Germany and Austria gaining the right to vote
Primary Source: Women in WWI
VII. The Russian Revolution
A. Russia was ill-equipped to fight the war and
suffered great losses – between 1914-1916 over
6 million casualties - Russia also suffering
inflation and hunger
B. Tsarist regime led by Nicholas II pulled away
from affairs – a supposed Holy Man named
Rasputin became influential to the Tsar, which
upset many in Russia – Tsar tried to hold onto
autocratic rule
Primary Source: Romanov & Rasputin
VII. The Russian Revolution
D. March, 1917, “Peace and Bread” protests in
Petrograd
1.
2.
Soldiers meant to disperse crowd joined in
Duma assumed responsibility and Tsar abdicated
E. New provisional government decided to carry
on war to preserve Russian pride
1.
Opposed by soviets who wanted to end the war – soviets
largely workers and soldiers
VII. The Russian Revolution
E.
The Bolsheviks
1. Marxist Social Democrats led by Vladimir Lenin –
dedicated to violent revolution – Lenin was in hiding
until the provisional government came to power, then
he was secretly shipped back to begin revolution and to
seize power
2. Promised: end to war, redistribution of land, transfer of
industries to worker councils, and government power to
the soviets – gained popularity among the soviet groups
VII. The Russian Revolution
3.
Took control of the government on November 6, 1917
with the help of the Petrograd soviets led by Leon
Trotsky
i.
Lenin the head of the new Council of People’s
Commissars - communist
Primary Source: Lenin
VII. The Russian Revolution
G. Civil War in Russia
1.
2.
Not everyone was happy with the new communist
government and Allies wanted Russia back in the war
The Bolshevik Red Army fought anti-Bolshevik forced
known as the White Army – White Army defeated
i.
Red Army a disciplined unit while White Army was
disorganized and not unified – wanted different
ends
ii. Red secret police, the Red Terror known as the
Cheka, stopped any opposition
VII. The Russian Revolution
“War communism” – nationalized banks and
industries, grain from peasants, and state
centralization
iv. Against the foreign invaders of the Japanese,
French, British, and American who were stationed
in Russia – appealed to Russian patriotism
Tsar and his family murdered and burnt down in a
mine shaft
iii.
3.
VIII. The War Weakens
A. Germany had renewed hope of winning when
Russia left the war
B. Second Battle of Marne, July 18, 1918, Germans
were defeated and Allies advanced towards
Germany
C. September 29, 1918- German leaders begin to
call for an armistice and liberal reforms – also
wanted to shift blame from military/Kaiser to
civilian leadership
VIII. The War Weakens
D. In November, mutinies by the navy and
workers and discontent of hungry Germans led
to the abdication of Kaiser William II
1.
New Socialist republic under Friedrich Ebert
E. November 11, 1918- Germany calls for an
armistice – the war is over
Statistics: WWI Casualties
Primary Source: Before and After
 French hotel before the war
Primary Source: Before and After
 French hotel after the war
Primary Source: Before and After
 European village before the war
Primary Source: Before and After
 European village after the war
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
Paris Peace Conference – January, 1919
A.
1.
2.
3.
Three important men: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd
George (Britain), and Georges Clemenceau (France) [Vittorio
Orlando of Italy less important] - no mutual responsibility
Wilson wanted the peace settlement to:
i.
Open discussion, not secret diplomacy
ii.
Democracy
iii. Freedom of nations and people, eradication of colonies
iv.
Reduction in arms
France (and Britain less so) wanted to punish Germany for
the war and make them pay – wanted a demilitarized
Germany and German reparations
Primary Source: Peace Making Reality
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
B.
League of Nations
1. Purpose
i.
Disarmament
ii. Collective security
iii. Disputes solved by negotiation and diplomacy
2. Weaknesses
i.
No military – lacked enforcement power
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
ii.
iii.
Depended on mutual agreement, which was hard to
secure from nations all with differing interests
a. Weak and small France felt secure under promise
of ‘collective security” but larger countries like
Britain did not like the idea of having to protect
Europe
b. Enforcement by economic sanction only
c. U.S. did not join - isolationism
League became more of an advisory council
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
3.
A continuation of “secret diplomacy”
i.
Russia and France made agreements behind Britain’s
back, feeling Britain had succeeded in the war by
using them
ii. Austria made secret negotiations with France, no
longer willing to depend on Germany – a strain on
their relationship
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
C.
1.
The Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919
Article 231- War Guilt Clause – Germany (and Austria)
to blame for the war
i.
Germany had to pay reparations
ii. Reparation amount never set, leading to disputes
over how much Germany should pay – Germany
defaulted – Dawes Plan called for U.S. loans and
investments
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
iii.
iv.
Germany had to decrease its military size and had
demilitarized zones to ‘protect’ neighboring countries
Loss territory of Alsace Lorraine back to France and
parts of Prussia to Poland
Primary Source: Germany at Fault
IX. Peace Making and Peace Settlement
D. End of Old Empires
1.
2.
3.
4.
Austria-Hungary
i.
Broken up into states loosely based on ethnicity
Germany and Russia lost territory
New states such as Finland, Latvia, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
Ottoman Empire
i.
Promise kept to Arab supporters by breaking up
Ottoman Empire
ii. Europeans took “mandate” control over old Ottoman
lands – suspiciously like colonies