Transcript WWI PP

Area 1
Choosing sides and war plans
The First World War
• Product of Multiple Factors:
• Militarism
• *development of naval arms race
• Alliances
*agreement to protect one another
*Alliance System – existed prior to the war
• Imperialism
• *Industrialization & Imperialism went hand in hand
• Nationalism
• *National interest should come ahead of global
Alliance System:
Triple Alliance
1. Austria-Hungary
2. Germany
3. Italy
Triple Entente
1. Great Britain
2. Russia (Serbia)
3. France
• Provided international security. Nations were reluctant to disturb
the balance of power. If there was a conflict with one, all the others
would be brought in.
Europe 1914
The Balkins 1914
Balkin Peninsula“Powder Keg of
Europe”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
June 1914 – Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungarian
throne, and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
The Assassination
The Immediate Cause of the
War:
* Gavrilo Princip
• A teenage member of the secret society Black Hand
was the assassin
• The society’s aim was to unite all Serbians
• July 28, 1914 – Austria blamed Serbia, who was
allied with Russia. Austria declared a “bright, brisk
little war” against Serbia
• This forces the alliance system into effect.
• August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia.
• This draws France and Great Britain into the war.
The Assassin
Gavrilo Princip
Most of the World Was
Divided Into 2 Groups:
Central Powers
1. Germany
2. Austria-Hungary
3. Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers.
1. Russia
2. Great Britain
3. France
•
More than 20 other
nations eventually
joined, including.
Italy and the U.S.
Area 2
Strategy
1. Schlieffen Plan
• Alfred von Schlieffen developed a plan
to defend Germany against France &
Britain
• Needed to defeat France before Russia
was able to arm themselves
• Attach France from the north through the
low lands
Fronts – combat zones, many
small wars fought at once.
• Europe was divided into two fronts:
• Western
• Eastern
Western Front:
• Northern France and Southern Belgium
• France and Britain vs. Germany
This map shows the Western
Front. The battlefields (shown
in gray) are located along a
450 mile stretch and run
across many different types
of ground. The Northern end
of the front began on the
sandy dunes of the Belgian
coast. It continued south
through northern France then
east through the provinces of
Lorraine and Alsace, both
then occupied by Imperial
Germany, finally terminating
on the Swiss border in the
south.
Location of Trenches
Two parallel trench lines running from the North Sea all the
way to the border of Switzerland.
WOW!
• If all of the trenches
constructed during World
War I were laid end to
end, they would cover
25,000 miles!
2. Trench Warfare:
• Soldiers dug long trenches protected by mines and
barbed wire.
• Front Line: Brunt enemy attacks
• Reserve Line: When Front Line was overwhelmed,
the troops in the reserve trench would be used as
support
• Support Line: Mainly used to rest troops although
could be called upon to help in a crisis.
• Sap / Fire trenches – went into no-man’s land. Very
dangerous.
• All the trenches were linked by communications
trenches.
Cross Section of a Trench
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare Continued:
• Each trench – 10 feet deep
• Fire Step – a ledge halfway up the trench, where
people would shoot from.
• Dugout - holes dug into the sides of the trench used
for sleeping.
Trench Warfare
Problems of Trench Warfare
Trench Foot
•
•
1000’s of soldiers were killed in battles that won very little territory.
November 1914 there was a stalemate.
• Stalemate – a situation in which no one can win
Area 3
Weapons of War
New Weapons:
• Resulted in a different type of war
•Mechanized Warfare
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•
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•
Machine Guns
Poisonous Gas
Tanks
Aircraft (Balloons)
Submarines / U-Boats
Poison Gas
• Chemical warfare, used by
both sides, made gas masks
necessary
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Zeppelin
Mobilization
• No major wars in 50
years!
• Conscription
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Fighting Starts
• August 4, 1914 - Germany invades Belgium
• Unable to save Belgium - British & French retreat to Marne
River in France
• Battle of Marne
• Took Germans 3 weeks to cross Belgium
• this gave France & Britain time to rush troops
• September 1914-Stopped German advance
• Spring 1915- two lines of trenches lined northern & eastern
France (German in one & Allied in other)
• First Battle of Somme- July 1, 1916 to Mid-November
• British lost 60,000 men in the first day
• Final casualties totaled 1.2 million
• Only 7 miles of ground changed hands - Trench Warfare
Eastern Front
• Russia had the
largest army but
they were unskilled
and unarmed
• Suffered terrible
losses
• 1917:Russia pulls
out of war
War Is HELL !!
Area 4
America Enters the War
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
American Neutrality
• Tried to remain neutral during the early
years of war
• Warned Germany: if anymore supply
ships were sunk – US would get
involved
• Many ships were hiding supplies
American Neutrality
• Opposition to the war
• Millions of Americans watched closely
• Many still had ties to their home country
• Believed war was evil
• America should set an example for peace
American Neutrality
• Sympathy for Allies
• France & England:
• common bond- Language, culture, democratic
institutions
• Belgium
• after Germany destroyed everything in its path
• Economic ties were stronger with Allies
Sinking of the Lusitania
• January 31, 1917
• Germany adopts a policy of
unrestricted submarine warfare
• US cuts off all ties with Germany
• May 7, 1915
• British liner, Lusitania, off the
coast of Ireland sunk by U-Boat
• 128 Americans dead
Zimmerman Note
• Intercepted by
British officials
• Germany promised
Texas, Arizona & NM
to Mexico if they
joined Central
powers
• April 6, 1917
• US declared war on
Germany
• US was not prepared
The Yanks
Are Coming!
American Effort
• Military consisted of 200,000 men
• Few had combat experience
• Draft: by 1918 24 million draftees
• About 2 million reached Europe
War Effort
• Women were not
drafted
• Could not enlist
• Could volunteer for
non-combat
positions
• Encouraged to aide
the war effort from
home
Financing the War
American Poster
Americans in the Trenches
Sacrifices in War
The Tide Turns.. Western
Front
• With Russia out, Germany turns shifts
its army to the Western Front (France)
• July & August:
• Americans help in the 2nd Battle of Marne
• US lost:
• 48,000 men in battle - 62,000 from disease
• 200,000 wounded
• Even with the loss of lives the tide turned
against Central Powers
Area 5
Results of the War
Collapse of Germany
• Nov. 1918: Admiral orders German
ships to leave port
• Sailors felt there was no longer any use in
fighting
• Rebellion in Berlin
• Kaiser abdicates the throne & flees to the
Netherlands
• Austria-Hungary was spinning towards
collapse
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
The Peace Process:
• January 18, 1919 –
A peace conference
began at Versailles.
• The four great
powers dominated.
• Each leader has his
own motives and
interests.
In 1919, the Big 4 met in Paris to negotiate the
Treaty. Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of
Italy, Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow
Wilson of the U.S.
France:
ClemenceauWanted Germany
Destroyed
England:
Lloyd GeorgeModerate
Italy:
OrlandoWanted what was
Promised to Italy
for getting into
the War
United States:
WilsonLeague of Nations
Results of the Treaty:
• The Allied Powers’ Goal was to punish
Germany.
• They forced the country to pay reparations
for the damage it created.
• Wilson created the 14 Points to keep
peace.
• One of the points called for the League of
Nations to be formed in order to prevent
World Wars from breaking out.
Wilson’s 14 Points
• January 1918
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Freedom of Seas
Free trade
Reduction of arms
End to Secret Treaties
A League of Nations
The Treaty Of Versailles
• Harsh Toward Germany
• Lost 13% of its land
• Poland became a nation
• All of Germany’s land in Africa was divided
among allies as “mandates”
• German military limited
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Size = 100,000
No manufacture of war material
No subs or airplanes
No troops in Rhineland
War Guilt clause: Germany had to pay 31 billion in
reparations
Treaty Results Continued:
• As a result of the War, Europe looked
totally different.
• The harsh treatment of Germany would
bankrupt the nation and give rise to Hitler.
Treaty Results Continued:
• As a result of the War, Europe looked
totally different.
• New countries were formed
• The Treaty of Versailles, it was a fragile
truce; it caused future problems in
Europe.
• Europe 1914
• Europe 1919
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
World War I Casualties
Russia
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Germany
AustriaHungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US