Transcript World War I
World War I AP World History From World War I… Armistice Day Now Known as Veteran’s Day Did you know? Middletown has its own World War I memorial! WWI While Americans are working for a better life, Europeans are fighting a bloody war… 4 Main Causes of WWI M.A.I.N. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Militarism The build up of armies, navies and weaponry Imperialist nations had sparked an arms race to defend their holdings and possibly gain or regain territory. Militarism Militarism Militarism Alliances Created to protect national security and provide aide in the event of an attack. Alliances Imperialism Think . . . What do you remember about it from the last unit? Imperialism Dividing up areas of the world among the more powerful countries European powers competed with each other for raw materials and colonies Imperialism This map shows Africa in 1914 and shows how much land the major nations had taken over. BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY ITALY BELGIUM Nationalism Nations who wanted back land that had natives living there (France and Russia) Areas that wanted to gain national independence from countries that had engulfed their culture (Czechs and Poles) Nationalism Ethnic Map of Europe in 1914 Nationalism Nationalism Causes Imperialism Competition over new markets & empires Nationalism Unification, Alsace Lorraine, Slavic issues, Balkan wars Militarism Glorification of war & military, conscription, increased size of armies and navies Alliances Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente – France, Russia, and Great Britain Europe is a Powder Keg! The Spark June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne) is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist group Austria-Hungary blames Serbia Imposes severe conditions Russia supports Serbia Mobilizes forces and Germany declares war The Black Hand Serbian terrorist organization Sent a small group of teenage operatives to assassinate the Archduke! June 28th, 1914 June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand's arrival at the Town Hall on 28 June 1914 Greeted with enthusiasm by many Believed it would be a six month war Alliance system dragged the entire continent into war Germany invades neutral Belgium & Britain declares war Schlieffen Plan - German plan to defeat French in six weeks & then turn and defeat the Russians Failed with the Battle of the Marne (Paris was saved) The War Western Front - stalemate Battle of Verdun (1916) Battle of Somme(1916) Innovations: Poison gas, submarine warfare, machine gun, airplane, tank, and trench warfare Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, & Bulgaria Allies: France, Great Britain, and Italy (had changed sides), (U.S. will join) 1914-1916 Trench Warfare • Trenches elongated pits dug 6-8 ft. into the earth, and stretching out over hundreds of miles. only wide enough to allow two men to pass side-byside. An encampment of tents and hospitals would be located behind the third line. a rear line of reserves a middle line of defense, a front line for attack and defense, Three interlocking trench lines would be used The distance between opposing trenches was called “no-man’s land”. This distance could be as short as 30 meters, or as wide as 1 mile. Check out this mud! Retrieving a dead soldier from “no-man’s land” Lots of Mud! • So keep those socks dry! Drying his socks over a fire! …or else!! Trench Foot Keeping those feet dry isn’t always easy… Lice Hunting Oh Rats! Corpse Rats German soldiers after rat hunting in their trenches GAS! Could this break the stalemate of trench warfare? Mustard Gas Chlorine Gas Tear Gas And more! Poison Gas Mustard Gas Victims Two pieces of bread today, awesome! Can of “Bully Beef”…yum! …awful tough to keep clean.. Rain filled shell-hole makes a great bathtub! Battle of Tannenberg (Poland-1914) severe Russian defeat The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army. A series of follow-up battles destroyed the majority of the First Army as well, 92,000 Russian troops captured, another 78,000 killed or wounded, and only 10,000 escaping. The Germans suffered fewer than 20,000 casualties and captured over 500 guns. Sixty trains were required to transport captured Russian equipment to Germany. Gallipoli (Turkey – 1915) •Russia desperate for supplies but no route is open! •Allied invasion of Turkey/Ottoman Empire (to capture Istanbul) and to open supply route to Russia •ANZAC forces (Australians & New Zealanders) •Seen as a defining moment in the history of the Turkish people—a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the aging Ottoman Empire was crumbling. The struggle laid the grounds for the Turkish War of Independence •Gives rise to nationalism in Australia and New Zealand Japan uses World War I as an opportunity to expand its sphere of influence in China …and to capture Germany’s colonies in the Pacific Ocean Japanese Ultimatum to Germany. The title reads “I don’t have any time for that right now, firstly I’d gotta beat the red trousers (China) and the Russian fur”. 1917 U.S enters war Public opinion had been divided Lusitania sunk in 1915 Zimmerman telegram Unrestricted submarine warfare…costs $$$$ Czarhardships Nicholas IIcaused abdicates Terrible by war Soldiers & civilians Provisional Government takessuffer over in Russia Bread riots in St. Petersburg Does not withdraw from war Civil War in Russia Two groups vie for control of Russia White Russians (White Army) Anti-Bolsheviks Moderate- support war; provisional government or return to Tsar Red Russians (Red Army) Bolsheviks Led by Vladimir Lenin Extreme - Socialist Immediate end of war and violent revolution Civil War in Russia Three year war Red Army defeats the White Army Czar & family are killed in 1918 Bolsheviks now call themselves communists Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Lenin signed to end war with Germany Lose much western territory 1918 Spanish Influenza Epidemic! Most deadly for 20-40 yr. olds Eventually killed 20-50 million worldwide (by contrast, WWI killed approx. 15 million people) Philadelphia – October 1918 Emergency hospital at Camp Funston in Fort Riley, KS (1918) Over 50 Thousand! World War I Ends American entrance tips scales in Allies’ favor Gained industrial & human resources Was a global war Asia, Africa, & Middle East also 9 million soldiers killed 21 million soldiers wounded 13 million civilian casualties Proposes Fourteen Points to prevent future wars Recognition of freedom of the seas & trade Limitations on arms Self rule End of secret alliances No reparations League of Nations Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Versailles (1919) PUNISHES Germany! Reduced German army Banned manufacture of major war weapons Reduced Germany’s size Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was revoked Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland region of Germany Stripped Germany of all overseas colonies Demanded that Germany accept blame for the war & pay war reparations Results of World War I Loss of global power for Europe Rise of the U.S. and Japan Rise of Bolshevism in Russia Increased nationalism among European colonies around the world Political and social power shifts in several nations End of Monarchial Rule End of the Ottoman Empire Loss of territory and occupation of much of the empire by victorious allies adds momentum to the Turkish National Movement The movement wins independence under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) The Sultanate was abolished in 1922 Officially declared the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. Mustafa Kemal, who became known as Ataturk, became Turkey's first president in 1923