Transcript American Imperialism

American Imperialism
United States History
Mrs. O’Shea
CHSAS
Review
Look up the following in your notes:
Manifest Destiny Social Darwinism -
Free Land Defined Americans
• America had been in a process of constantly
acquiring land.
• Frontier = opportunity and required “rugged selfreliance”
• 1893 – superintendent of Census announced
the “frontier” as closed.
• Now what?
• 1890s – acquiring new land separate from
continental U.S. did not attract U.S. settlers.
Africa Becomes a Jigsaw Puzzle
• Slave Trade
outlawed
• Now What?
• European
countries
divide up and
colonize
Africa.
What about us?
“The great nations are rapidly absorbing for
their future expansion and their present
defense all the waste places of the earth.
As one of the great nations of the world,
the United States must not fall out of the
line of march.” (Henry Cabot Lodge,
1895)
Do we want to be an empire?
• European countries = Imperialist countries
Imperialism – p.584
stronger nations attempting to create an
empire by dominating weaker nations
• George Washington warned about getting
too entangled in foreign affairs.
China and Japan
• U.S. wanted new markets
• European powers all had interest in China
• Open Door Policy –
Secretary of State
asked _________
powers to keep an
“open door” to China
• ________ Rebellion
– multinational force
crushed uprising
Hawaii
• American planters revolt against monarchy
• Asked to be annexed by United States
• 1898 - annexed
The Congress and the President –
apologizes to Native Hawaiians on
behalf of the people of the United
States for the overthrow of the
Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17,
1893... and the deprivation of the
rights of Native Hawaiians to selfdetermination;
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SpanishAmerican
War
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Concentration Camps
Estimated 200,000
Cubans die of
disease and
starvation.
Cuban guerrillas destroy American
sugar plantations/mills in Cuba to
get the attention of the U.S.
Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer's = New York World
William Randolph Hearst's = New York
Journal
Hearst told his artist sent to paint pictures of
fighting in Cuba - "You supply the pictures.
I'll supply the war."
Panama Canal
• When the French abandoned the project they had spent over
twenty years and $260,000,000.
• It took nine hours and forty minutes for the passage of the
first ship through the canal.
• When the canal opened tolls were set at $1.20 per ton for
freight and $1.50 per ton for passengers. A freighter carrying
a cargo of 4,500 tons paid a toll of $5,400.
• When the Panama Canal opened to traffic, the United States
had spent $352 million.
World War I
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier –
Arlington Cemetery
Nationalism
Causes
Nationalism
Intense pride in nation
Problem = Countries act on their own best
interest
Nationalism
Imperialism
Causes
Imperialism
Scramble for colonies
Problem = competition leads to conflict
Nationalism
Imperialism
Causes
Militarism
Militarism
Countries in Europe were spending large
amounts of money on building up their
armed forces.
Problem: Constantly planning war made war
more inevitable.
Nationalism
Imperialism
Causes
Militarism
System
of Alliances
System of Alliances
Countries created protective
relationships with other
countries
Problem: If conflict occurs
between two countries, other
countries are bound by their
relationships into the conflict.
I got your back
Russia!
Nationalism
Imperialism
Causes
Militarism
System
of Alliances
Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand
• June 28, 1914
• Heir to Austro-Hungarian
Empire
• Shot by Bosnian
nationalist
Spark of War
• Austria's declaration of war against Serbia on
July 28, 1914
• Russia announces it mobilization for war.
• Germany declares war on Russia – August 1,
1914
• Germany declares war on France – August 3,
1914
• Great Britain declares war on Germany – August
4, 1914
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/
European PLAYERS
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
Allies
Serbia
Russia
France
Great Britain
Portugal
Italy
Romania
Greece
Belgium
1914 – Wilson declares
neutrality
(protect investments)
New Technology in Warfare
• Machine guns = 600
rounds per minute
• Rapid fire artillery
• Poison gas
• Airplanes and
Airships (Zeppelins)
• Tanks
• U-boats
Trench Warfare
The Allies and Central
Powers dug nearly 6,250
miles of trenches by the end
of 1914.
Lice
Trench foot
Rats
Dysentery
Trench fever
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/ch1_tr
ench.html
Ships lost to submarines
Year
1914 1915
Number of
3
396
Ships
1916 1917 1918
964 2,439 1,035
U.S. Involvement in
WWI
1. Most immigrants favored Allies
(30 percent Americans were
second and third generation
immigrants)
2. Sinking of passenger ships by
U-boats (Lusitania, Sussex, City of
Memphis, Illinois, Vigilancia)
3. Zimmerman Note – if Mexico
declares war on U.S.,
Germany would give them
land after war
4. Russian Revolution
– Czar is overthrown
1917 – Wilson declares
War
“make the world safe for
democracy”
Mobilizing Troops
• Sent 14,500 men and $$$ immediately
• Selective Service Act – all men between
21-30 must register
24 million registered
3 million drafted
• Trained and transported by convoy
(thwarted u-boats)
Homefront
• Liberty Bonds - $20 million
• Factories – commercial goods -> war
goods
• Lever Food and Fuel Control Act – Herbert
Hoover controlled food pricing/rationing,
daylight savings time
• Fear of German-Americans
• Sedition Act of 1918 – illegal to discuss
anything disloyal about the U.S.
government, army, navy
End of War
• Bolshevik Revolution – Russians signed
truce with Germany
• Germany refocused attention on western
front – gave one more big push
• Germany overwhelmed by U.S.
Signed armistice (cease-fire) – November
1918
8 million soldiers/sailors died (est.) =
average of about 5,000 a day
22 million dead
U.S. losses
48,000 battle deaths
2,900 missing in action
56,000 disease related deaths
Versailles Treaty
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League of Nations
9 new nations created from Germany
Middle East divided up
$33 million in war reparations for Germany
Makes Germany admit responsibility
Effects of War on U.S.
• U.S. emerged as a leading industrial
power
• More migration north by African Americans
(Great Migration)
• Intensified anti-immigrant sentiments
• Brought women into workplace –
1920 = 19th Amendment