Transcript ap review session #4 4/18/05

AP REVIEW SESSION #4
1750-1914
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION (ch. 22)
Agricultural Rev: crop rotation, enclosure,
scientific farming
• Crops from New World- potatoes, corn
Technology: plowing, seeding, fertilizers
• Less people, more efficiency
• Growth of cities (urbanization)
New Innovations
Textile industry first to benefit
Steam Engine used to power machines in
industries as well as steamships and
locomotives
Britain had lots of coal for steam engines;
allowed for rapid use
Factory System and New Economic
and Social Philosophies
Factory System
• Efficiency & inexpensive
• Interchangeable parts
• Exploitation of workers
w/out rules
• Not an immediate increase
in public wealth/wellbeing
New Social Classes
• Middle class/working
class
• Adam Smith’s Wealth of
Nations; laissez-faire
capitalism
• Karl Marx, The
Communist Manifesto;
socialism and communism
• Reforms for the good of
owners and workers
• Labor Unions
Demand for Natural Resources
and European Justification
Finding Natural Resources
• Raw materials needed
for production
• Colonize, take resources,
send back to factories,
sell to natives
• Based on industrial need
• No compensation for
natives
• Colonies=wealth
Justifying Taking Them
• Ethnocentrism
• Social Darwinism
• Moral obligation to
“civilize” and
“Christianize”
• Euro “values” to
“barbarians”
• Technology to act on
beliefs
IMPERIALISM
CH. 25- AFRICA AND INDIA (to 1869)
CH. 27- NEW IMPERIALISM (to 1914)
Note differences/similarites in motives, experiences of natives,
colonial rule
Imperialism in India (ch.25)
Why? Spices, silk, sugar, tea, salt
Who? Early Portuguese, Columbus (a little off);
British in 1700s
The British
• British East India Company; Decline of Mughals
and Hindu vs. Muslim conflict
• Use of Sepoys = Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion), 1857
• 1858: British direct control
• Remake India on British model
• Indian National Congress
Imperialism in China (ch. 24)
• The Canton System
• 1839-1842 Opium War
• Treaty of Nanking 1842: Britain rights to trade,
extraterritorial rights, treaty ports, Hong Kong
• 1856 2nd Opium War- opened China to all Euro
trade
• Trade concessions, not establishment of colonies
like India and Africa
Impact of Opium Wars and
Foreign Influence (ch. 24)
• White Lotus Rebellion- 1st rebellion vs. Qing;
• Taiping Rebellion 1853-1864: “Heavenly
Kingdom of Peace”; bloody and devastating to
agriculture of China
• Boxer Rebellion 1900: supported by Empress
Dowager Cixi to expel foreigners; students protest
to oust Qing
• Korea independent in 1876; Sino-French War,
1883 loss of Vietnam; Sino-Japanese War, 1894
loss of Taiwan
• European Spheres of Influence
• U.S. Open Door Policy 1900s: China sovereign
for trade to everyone- no colonies
Japanese Imperialism (ch. 26, 27)
1853: Commodore Perry; Treaty of Kanagawa opens
trade to U.S.
Meiji Restoration, 1868: oligarchs set Japan on path
to industrialization and imperialism
Industrialization by 1890s- control of Korea, Taiwan
and Manchuria
Industrialization similar to Europe- implementation,
not invention; private corporations, urbanization
Need for new resources and markets!!!
Imperialism in Africa (ch. 27)
Scramble for Africa: 1869 from coastal slave trade
to colonial empires
Berlin Conference 1884: “effective occupation”,
send troops, establish control, region belongs to
you
How?: econ/tech means to make regions dependent
suppliers of raw materials/crops and consumers of
industrial products
Political, Cultural, Economic Motives
Colonialism: agents to cover costs; administration
and exploitation of colonies for benefit of home
country
Imperialism in Africa (ch. 27)
South Africa: Pre-1869 value was in location for
shipping/military
• Dutch in Cape Town, then British; Great Trek to Transvaal
& discovery of gold and diamonds led to Boer War 18991902
• 1910 Union of South Africa- beginning of apartheid
(segregation of African blacks); white minority all power;
African National Congress
Egypt: Muhammed Ali begins modernization; Suez Canal
1869
• British need canal for trade w/ India; declared Egypt
British protectorate
Comparison: Colonialism in
Africa vs. Latin America
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Borders drawn by Euros Latin America
Multiple countries held claims
direct rule
Overpower and overwhelm native people
and traditions
• Change the culture
The Age of Revolutions and
Nationalism
1750-1914
•American and French (ch. 21)
•Latin America (ch. 23)
•Unification of Italy and Germany
(ch. 26)
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AMERICAN REV:
British colonists wanted to
move west
Taxes and trade
restrictions (mercantilism)
Enlightenment influences
Thomas Paine, Common
Sense
Help from the French
Independence movement
rather than internal
revolution
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FRENCH REV:
War debt, King needed taxes
Estates General 1789
Third Estate wanted reforms, 1st,
2nd no change to status
National Assembly; Bastille
Day; anarchy
Declaration of Rights of Man;
constitutional monarchy
National Convention: end
monarchy, led by radicalsJacobins
Reign of Terror
Napoleon 1799-1812
Congress of Vienna 1815
Revolutions in Latin America
(ch. 23)
Haiti: 90% slaves; Toussaint L’Overture led revolt;
free Republic 1804, 1st independent country in
L.America
Simon Bolivar: Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela
independent; revolution spread to Argentina, Peru,
Bolivia by 1820s
Brazil: 1822 independent, 1888 abolition of slavery;
land-owners revolted, established republic
Mexico: 1821 republic
Independence in Latin America
• Not complete freedom: slavery existed,
peasants on plantations w/ few land-owners
• No middle class
• Catholic Church very powerful- huge
landowner
• Latin American economies based on cash
crops and trade w/ Europe; no
diversification
The Role of the U.S. in Latin
America (ch.27)
1823: Monroe Doctrine says W. Hemisphere off
limits to Europe
Euro money invested but no territorial claims
1905- Roosevelt Corollary, U.S. acts as international
“police” in Americas for peace
Panama Canal: U.S. backs Panamanian
independence from Columbia, rights to canal
1898 Spanish-American War: Spain out of Cuba,
PR, Philippines; Cuba independent but U.S. bases
and trade
Nationalism and Unification (ch.26)
ITALY:
•
• Diff’t nations
controlled small
kingdoms
• 1849 Cavour
removed Austria
from north;
Garibaldi rids Spain
from South
• 1870 Italy unified
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GERMANY:
Prussia came to dominate
the former HRE
1861 Kaiser Wilhelm I
appointed Otto von
Bismarck P.M
Build military and
consolidate German
territories into empire
Franco-Prussian War:
1870, alliance w/ southern
German states; creation of
2nd Reich (“empire”) 1871
1890: Kaiser Wilhelm II,
Germany fully
industrialized, powerful
Major Comparisons- can you make
strong arguments for these???
Compare...
 Causes & early phases of the industrial revolution in w.
Europe and Japan
 Revolutions: American, French, Haitian, Mexican, Chinese
 Reaction to foreign domination in: Ottoman Empire,
China, India, Japan
 Nationalism in various countries: Italy, Germany, etc
 Forms of Western intervention in Latin America and
Africa
 Roles and conditions of women in upper/middle classes w/
peasantry and working class in Western Europe
The Big Picture 1750-1914
1. Interconnections of I.Rev and Imperialism;
Regional developments and impact in others.
How were regional developments able to have
global impact?
2. Why did nationalism grow? How did
nationalism impact Europe, Asia, Americas?
3. How and why does change occur? Social,
political, economic developments led to changes
in the world. How and why did it happen?