Transcript 13.1 powerpoint

Causes of WWI
Causes of WWI - MANIA
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Assassination
Militarism
• When a nation’s armed forces come to
dominate a country’s national policy
• It is also a glorification of the military and war
itself
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Alliances
• Signed treaties in which each nation
involved pledges to defend the other if
attacked by an aggressor
• Basically, countries agreed to help each
other
Alliances
Triple Entente:
Great Britain
France
Russia
Triple Alliance:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Nationalism
• Pride and patriotism in one’s nation
• In terms of WWI, nationalism became
aggressive and subsequently (because of
this) a major cause of international tension
• Independent nations desired dominance
and prestige and as these powers tried to
dominate each other in Europe, their
rivalries may be regarded as one of the
causes of the First World War
Imperialism
• Domination by one country over the
political, economic, or cultural life of
another country or region
• Due to the Industrial Revolution of the
1800s, some European nations had a
large portion of the world under their
control
Imperialism and Colonial Rivalries
• After 1870, the European nations began to
acquire colonies in Asia, Africa and the Pacific
• Colonial rivalry led to:
– strained relations among the European powers. In
Africa, all the European powers except Austria and
Russia had colonies there. Thus there were many
clashes among France, Britain, Germany and Italy.
– the formation and strengthening of alliances and
ententes. (indirectly)
– an intensification of the arms race.
– much hostility among the powers.
Assassination
• The “spark” that started WWI
• On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the Austria Hungarian
Throne was assassinated by Gavrilo
Princip, a Serbian nationalist who believed
that Bosnia should belong to Serbia
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at
Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914
• Gavrilo Princip after
his assassination of
Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
The Point of No Return
• Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s
death and declared war on Serbia.
• Germany pledged their support for Austria
-Hungary.
• Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
• Germany declares war on Russia
• France pledges their support for Russia
• Germany declares war on France
• Germany invades Belgium on the way to
France
• Great Britain supports Belgium and
declares war on Germany
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Germany
Great Britain
Austria-Hungary
France
World War I
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Italy
Schlieffen Plan: Germany would attack fast
by going through neutral Belgium along
the coast and defeat France swiftly, and
then take on Russia in the East. Germany
did NOT want to fight a war on two fronts!
England declares war on Germany. Italy
sides with the Allies.
Fighting not only in Europe…also in
China, Pacific Islands, India,
Africa…this was the War to End all
Wars!
Submarine Warfare
• German U-Boats were sinking US ships
killing many US citizens. Tensions were
rising, but the US wanted to stay out of
this war. Until...
• The Zimmerman Note: the US intercepted
a letter from Germany to Mexico.
Germany would support Mexico in a future
war against the US if Mexico supported
Germany in WWI
Lusitania
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British Ocean Liner
May 7th 1915 sunk by a German U-Boat
1200 people die including 128 Americans
The lost of the Lusitania provoked great
outrage in the United States and helped
create the climate of public opinion that
would later allow America to join the war.
The Conflict Grinds Along
• By early September Germany had swept into
France and reached the outskirts of Paris
• September 5, 1914—At the First Battle of the
Marne, Germany is forced to retreat.
• With this defeat the Schlieffen Plan failed
because Germany was then forced to fight a two
front war.
• As the summer of 1914 turned to fall, the war
turned into a long and bloody stalemate, or
deadlock, along the battlefields of France.
• This deadlocked region in northern France
became known as the Western Front.
The Western Front
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Trench Warfare
Soldiers fought each other from dug out
trenches
Would storm each other’s trenches
Very bloody and each side would gain
very little land
-advanced about one mile per month
Trench Video Clip
All Quiet on Western Front Clip
Passchendaele Clip
July 31st 1917 to Nov. 17 1917
• Passchendaele Clip
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Battle of Passchendaele
Belgium
July 31st 1917 to November 17 1917
Allies (British, French, Australian,
Canadians vs Germany
• Causualties 400,000 to 800,000 combined
• Germany lost 35,000 on Oct 10th
War in the Trenches (#7)
• Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies
fighting from trenches.
• Battles result in many deaths and very small
land gains.
• Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary.
• New weapons only lead to more deaths.
• The slaughter reached a peak in 1916.
– February 1916: Battle of Verdun—Each side
lost more than 300,000.
– July-November 1916: The Somme—Each
side suffered more than 500,000 casualties.
– Only 5 miles were gained in each of these
battles.
Trench warfare
Life in the trenches Clip Doc.
Indiana Jones Trench Clip
Trench Conditions
• Trenches were infested by rats and
disease
-dead bodies littered the
ground
• Food was scarce and sleep was almost
impossible due to constant artillery blasts
• “The men slept in mud, washed in mud,
ate mud, and dreamed mud”
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Trench Warfare
New Weapons
• Machine Guns: created huge # of
casualties
• Tanks: slow and hard to control
• Poison Gases: painful and effective in
trench warfare
• Large Artillery: destruction of trenches,
cities,...
• Airplanes: used towards the end of the war
• Machine Gun: Caused Huge # of
Casualties
Flame Thrower
Artillery
Artillery: Constant bombardment of trenches
and long range destruction
BEFORE
AFTER
Airplanes
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von
Richthofen (1892 – 1918) was a German
fighter pilot known as the "Red Baron". He
was the most successful flying ace of
World War I, being officially credited with
80 confirmed air combat victories. He was
killed in combat with Canadian pilots near
the Somme River
Fly Boys Clip
Zeppelin
airplanes
Zeppelin
Fly Boys Zeppelin Clip
WWI Tanks
British Tank
German Tank
British Mark I tank on September 26, 1916
Poison Gas Use During WWI
Types of Poison Gas
Tearing Agent (lachrymatory)
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France used it first in 1914
Causes temporary blindness
Inflames the nose and throat
Gas mask offered good protection
Similar to mace and pepper spray
No long term effects if used properly
Some forms would freeze in cold weather and not work
(Eastern Front)
US Army Basic Training Gas
Chamber
Asphyxiant
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First Used by the Germans in 1915
Poisonous gases
Chlorine (First developed by Germany)
Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can
inflict damage to the eyes, nose, throat
and lungs. At high concentrations and
prolonged exposure it can cause death by
asphyxiation
Gas Masks were effective in filtering
Chlorine
British Use of Chlorine Gas
• Commander of British II Corps, Lt.Gen.
Ferguson (officially) said of gas:
“It is a cowardly form of warfare which does not commend
itself to me or other English soldiers.... We cannot win this
war unless we kill or incapacitate more of our enemies than
they do of us, and if this can only be done by our copying
the enemy in his choice of weapons, we must not refuse to
do so”
First attempt was a disaster as wind blew gas back
into British Trenches. Also many British troops
were not equipped with gas masks
Phosgene
• First Developed by the French in 1915
• Odorless and hard to detect
• Often used mixed with an equal volume of
chlorine, with the chlorine helping to spread the
denser phosgene.
• Some of the symptoms of exposure took 24
hours or more to manifest
• 85% of the 100,000 deaths caused by chemical
weapons during World War I
Blistering Agent
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Mustard gas
Attacks any exposed, moist skin
Eyes, lungs, armpits groin, etc….
Caused huge blisters
“Heavy” gas as it laid in areas for hours
sometimes days
• Fatal victims sometimes took four or five
weeks to die of mustard gas exposure.[32]
How was poison gas used?
Before gas masks
soldiers used socks
soaked in urine to filter
out poison gas
Equipment
Gas Victims
Poison Gas Victim:
“It seemed as if my lungs were
gradually shutting up and my heart
pounded away in my ears like the
beat of a drum. On looking at the
chap next to me I felt sick, for green
stuff was oozing from the side of his
mouth”
Estimated gas casualties[34] Nation
Fatal
Non-fatal
Russia
56,000 419,340
Germany
9,000
200,000
France
8,000
190,000
British Empire 8,109
188,706
Austria-Hungary 3,000 100,000
USA
1,462
72,807
Italy
4,627
60,000
Total
88,498 1,240,853