Transcript Outcomes of WWI

Tensions Leading to WWI
Militarism:
Building up military power
to prepare for domination.
Nationalism:
Devotion to one’s country no
matter what.
Countries are tied together by prior
alliances!
Imperialism:
Competing to conquer land
that does not initially belong to
your country.
Militarism
Belief & willingness to use military power and prowess as an
effective diplomatic tool.
Nations begin increasing their military
 Germany & France  arms race
 Germany seeks to surpass British naval
dominance
 Britain responds w/  defense $$$
 Develop 'Dreadnaughts' – massive
naval vessels
 Ottoman & Russia   defense $$$ to
modernise
 Arms race creates tension & destabilises
region
Catalyst for the Great War
June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne,
and wife, are murdered by a Serbian assassin in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
OK… If anything, shouldn’t
the war be between Serbia
and the A-H Empire?
ALLIANCES … resulting in the following military alliances during
Europe is locked in
the Great War
- Trade
- Political Marriages
- If an ally fights, so will your country.
Italy joins Allied Powers in 1915
> aka Allied Powers
> aka Central Powers
> Serbia w/ Allied Powers
> Bulgaria w/ Central Powers
ALLIANCES
cause a skirmish to become a WORLD WAR
Central Powers
- Germany
- Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers aka Triple Entente
- England
- France
- Russia
Alliances
• European countries used alliances to
uphold peace.
• Conflict between countries due to
nationalism, imperialism and militarism.
• Alliances often due to historical
animosities
– Ex. French vs. Germany
• Franco-Prussian War & loss of Alsace-Lorraine
• German attempts to destabilise French
control over Morocco
– Ex. Austria vs. Russia
• Russian support for Serbian pan-Slavism
threatens Austrian lands in Balkans
– Ex. Britain vs. Germany
• arms race & German aggression in N. Africa
The Allied Nations
Triple Alliance – "Central Powers"
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire replaces Italy (in 1914
Italy joins Entente)
Triple Entente -- "Allies"
 France
 Britain
 Russia
Later – Serbia, Australia,
NZ, India, Belgium,
Japan, African
Colonies, U.S. join
alliance (+20 nations)
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
– Germany declares war on
Russia (Aug 1st 1914)
– Germany declares war on
France (Aug 3rd 1914)
– Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire
join to reclaim lost territory
• Triple Entente (Allies)
– Japan joins
• Wants to been seen as major
world player
– Italy leaves the Triple Alliance
& joins the Allies
• Wants land in S. Austria in Alps
& N. Adriatic Sea
L to R. Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany, Enver Pasha
Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Emperor Franz Joseph,
Austro Hungarian Empire (Austria/Hungary). Bulgaria
also took part
Imperialism
• Britain & France want to protect
colonies in Africa & Asia
• Germany, Italy  left out of Great
Scramble for colonies in Africa
– Italy tries to take Abyssinia  fails
– Germany tries (2X) to convince Morocco
to break from France
• Wants to control African side of Straits of
Gibraltar
• Pushes GB & France into alliance
• Russia  'Great Game' competes w/
GB over Central Asia
• Serbia wants to expand t/o Balkan
Peninsula
– Threatens Austrian possessions
A Quiet Game
'I wonder what card Uncle Sam has in his hand
Nationalism
• Devotion to nation so strong that challenges/threats result in desire to
protect nation at all costs!
– State pride is more important than the individual
• Balkan areas are stirring up commotion because the rule of the Ottoman
Empire is starting to break down (Powder Keg)
– Bulgaria, Albania, Romania
• Ethnic nationalism in Austrian & Ottoman Empires
– Push among ethnic groups for greater autonomy or independence
• Pan Slavism: Ethnic and cultural kinship for the Slav peoples of eastern and
central Europe. Serbian push to unite all Slavs in Balkan Peninsula.
Challenges Austrian possessions in B-H, Croatia, & Slovenia
Another way to see how alliances worked outside the political realm:
U.S. trade with Europe during WWI
•W/ Central Powers (Germany and Austro-Hungarian empire):
1914: 169 million dollars
1916: down to 1 million dollars
•With the Allies (England, France, Russia):
1914: 825 million dollars
1916: up 3 thousand million dollars! (aka 3.825 billion!)
What is all this money going toward?
The Nature of TOTAL WAR
Total War: A war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full
financial resources are mobilized.
WWI introduced mechanized warfare
- Biological and chemical warfare
- Tanks
- Aircrafts
- Machine guns
- Trench warfare
- PTSD, aka Shell Shock
- Incredible technological advances
Americans Join the Fight
•
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:
– Lusitania Sinking: 128 U.S. Citizens died
• Germans suspected weapons being carried
– Was true
• Germans end sinking of American vessels
•
Germany announces early 1917 the resumption of
unrestricted submarine warfare
– Everything at sea is fair game
• America very unhappy
– America supplies to England & France hurting Germany
•
Zimmerman Telegraph
–
•
Germany sends a telegraph to Mexico to ally w/ Germany against the U.S.
to reconquer land lost in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
U.S. joins the war in 1917
Allies Win the War
• U.S. has fresh troops & balances things out (1917-1918)
Russia Withdraws (1917)
• Civil unrest in Russia
–
–
–
–
–
War costs $
Millions have died
New govt takes over / Revolution
Communist leader Vladimir Lenin takes power
Tsar of Russia is forced out
• Germany & Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
– Russia must give up Finland, Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
• Armistice signed on November 11, 1918 @ 11 am
• 10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded
Casualties of WWI
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead
Presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919
… A League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
- First attempt for peace. Signed by all Allied
powers except the United States.
- Germany is forced to take blame for the war.
- Germany must give up territory, pay $33
BILLION in reparations to Allied countries.
- Influenced heavily by the Big Four: England,
Italy, America, and France.
- Included Wilson’s 14th Point for a League of
Nations.
-Rejected by U.S. Senate (Henry Cabot Lodge
was a strong opponent of the League).
The Big Four…
Allies Meet at Versailles
Those present at the end.
THE BIG FOUR
1. United States (Woodrow
Wilson)
2. France (Clemenceau)
3. England (Lloyd-George)
4. Italy (Orlando)
Other participants (+20)
• Japan
• Representatives from Africa,
Middle East, European
nationalist groups
1
3
4
2
Countries Absent from Peace Negotiations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who is Not Present
Russia (due to 1917 Russian Revolution)
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Was this Fair?
Reorganizing Europe After WWI
the international debt mess of the 1920s . . . .
France and England insist on
collecting from Germany because
they owe debts to the United States
Germany
owes huge
reparations
to England
and France
What if there was
a stock market
crash in the
United States???
The U.S. won’t ease up
on France and England’s
war debts . . .
. . . but encourages
investors to lend money
to Germany
The Treaty of Versailles takes it’s toll
Who was blamed for WWI? Who carries the burden?
What do you think will happen to people when they
are down and out?
- The rise of radical political parties was much
stronger in other countries.
The Rise of Nationalism 1922-1941
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Nationalism: A very strong love for
your country
•
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Germany: Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party
Spain: Francisco Franco and Fascism
Italy: Benito Mussolini and Fascism
Japan: Hideki Tojo and militarism
The Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin and ‘communism’
Are you a citizen of a struggling nation? Do you
want more from life? A new leader should
provide you with all the support you need!!
Italy & Benito Mussolini
- Mussolini rises to power in 1922
• Fascism: A state with 1 political
party led by a dictator…
totalitarianism
• Extreme nationalism – “empire
expansion” into Africa.
• Advocated private property with
strong government controls.
• Italy is more important than
citizens of Italy.
“Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give these things with love if possible, with force if necessary”
The Soviet Union & Joseph Stalin
• Communism: Collective ownership
of means of production.
• …Versus…
• Communist Dictatorship: someone
telling every citizen what to produce.
Sounds like totalitarianism!
• 1924… Stalin “Man of Steel” clinches
power amid a revolution.
• “Five-year plans” will industrialize all
of the Soviet Union.
• Stalin “Eliminated” his competition.
Germany & Adolf Hitler
• 1933: Hitler elected High
Chancellor of Germany.
Hopes to establish Third Reich,
“Third German Empire”.
• The Enabling Act of 1933
grants Hitler ultimate power.
• Nazism: scapegoating, racial
purification, nationalism, etc…
• Incredible force used to
achieve goals.
• Militaristic expansion.
Spain & Francisco Franco
• 1936 – 1939: Spanish Civil War
• 1939: Nationalist forces, lead by
Franco, prevail with assistance
from Germany and Italy.
• Totalitarian government rule via
fascism.
Japan and Hideki Tojo
• 1931: Japan invades
Manchuria, China… even
though the League of
Nations forbids such an act.
• 1940: Tojo becomes Prime
Minister.
• Strong militarist ideology.
• Horrendous atrocities
committed against Chinese
citizens.