Transcript Global Nationalism - White Plains Public Schools

Global Nationalism
Nationalism:
a feeling of strong devotion to one’s
country. Usually people who share a common
language and heritage( history) or even geography.
The belief that your nation can do no wrong ( even if it
mean going to war or imperializing)
French Revolution
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The French Revolution inspired a strong sense of
national unity in France
This helped to spread the ideas of the French
Revolution
The excerpt in document 1 by the radical
department of public safety attempts to unify all
French into a nationalist zeal to come together
(levee en masse ) to join together man and women,
army and civilians for the idea of popular
sovereignty.
Document 2 provides a national identity through an
anthem designed to unite and form a common bond
ad identity (think of the U.S national anthem and
how many others can you name) look at words like
fatherland, bled shed for the cause and the role of
the nation coming before the individual. These ideas
strike the nationalistic goals.
Napoleon
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Napoleon also inspired nationalism
among the nations that he conquered
However these nationalistic feelings
inspired conquered peoples to rise up
against Napoleon and his French army
( “when France sneezes, the rest of
Europe gets a cold” was uttered by
Prince Klemens Von Metternich of
Austria (document #13) in fear of
growing sentiment of the need to
become a nation-state throughout
Europe). The Congress of Vienna
would be a meeting by European
monarchs to attempt to end this by
creating a legitimacy of the monarchs
and a balance of power. Later, these
alliances would create one of the
causes of WWI.
Nationalism Across Europe
• After the French
Revolution,
nationalism led to
upheavals in Europe
and elsewhere
• These movements for
change/revolutions
took place in: Greece,
Poland, Belgium,
Austria, Italy and
Germany
Revolutions in Europe
Nationalism in Greece
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In 1821 Greece revolted against
the Ottoman Empire Greece
received support from Britain,
France and Russia because of
their Christian background
By 1830 Greece was independent
( also independent was Bulgaria,
Serbia and Romania) all because
they shared a similar culture to
Europe rather than the Middle
East (also had the desire to gain
sovereignty)
Nationalism in Poland
Nationalists in Poland revolted in 1830
against Russia
However Poland did not receive much
support and their revolution was
crushed by Russian troops why?
Document #11 Tsar Nicholas I of Russia is
speaking of Poland’s rebellion having
been part of Russia for hundreds of
years is justifying military intervention
in putting down this rebellion referring
to the nationalists as “agitators”. The
purpose is to let the people of Russia (
and Poland) to know that tranquility
has been restored.
Nationalism in Latin America
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In Latin America revolutions
helped colonies shed Spanish and
French control
Feelings of nationalism helped
these countries rise up against
their mother country
These colonies became
independent nations. Nationalism
also got in the way of Simon
Bolivar’s Gran Colombia (instead
dividing into Columbia, Ecuador
and Peru)
The Unification of Italy
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Since the fall of the Roman Empire Italy had
been divided into many small states
Many Italians wished to see Italy united
again (In document 3 Cavour the brains
identifies a common enemy which was the
foreign rule of Austria-Hungary to unite the
people of Italian city-states and their
common language, history and identity)
Nationalism in Italy
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Cavour (shown here) was the
"brain" in his role as a skilled
diplomat.
Cavour successfully received aid
from France in a war against the
Austrians and eventually put
Victor Emmanuel II on the
throne of a completely united Italian
nation-state in 1861. ( document 7
illustrates the democratic reforms
Emmanuel will provide providing
order and peace as a manner to
justify and legitimize the
independence of Italy which (like
most nationalists endeavors)
comes with a fight
Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Garibaldi was considered to be the
"sword" of Italian nationalism.
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His band of Red Shirts conquered
forces opposed to unification and
forced southern Italy into a
cohesive political unit. In document
#4 Garibaldi is encouraging Italians
to fight against a common enemy
(why do so many flags have the
color red in them?) and even
pressuring them to fight if they love
their country (what about those that
don’t?)
A United Italy
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By 1870, Italy was a united country again
The country faced many problems:
1.) The urban north quarreled with the rural
south
2.) The Catholic Church argued with the
government
Document #10, Mazzini is arguing to stop
the oppression of the monarchs of Europe
and redraw the map based on common
language, history and national identity to
help politically unify Italy and is sometimes
referred to as the architect of Italy.
German Unification
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In the early 1800s, most German people lived in small
states, not a united country
During Napoleon’s conquests, feelings of nationalism
were increased
Many people wished to see a united Germany
In documents 5 and 6 Otto Von Bismarck remarks about
a common foe in Austria and how blood (war) and Iron
(industrialization) are the ways to unite a fragmented
German (Prussia along with Bavaria, Bohemia and
others were once part of the Holy Roman Empire and
were united by a common goal, heritage and language
(German)
German Unification
• Prussia was the most
powerful of the
German states
• IN 1862, Otto von
Bismarck was
appointed chancellor
of Prussia
Germany Before Unification
“Blood and Iron”
• Bismarck believed
that the only way to
unify Germany was
through a policy
known as “blood and
iron”
• He had no faith in
speeches and
diplomacy
• Only war
German Unification
• In seven years, Bismarck
led Prussia into three
wars
• Each war increased
Prussia’s prestige and
moved the German states
closer to unification
• Danish War: versus Denmark
• Austro-Prussian War: versus
Austria
• Franco-Prussian War: versus
France
Germany United
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IN 1871, the German states united under the
Prussian king, William I
He called himself the Kaiser
Kaiser comes from Caesar and means emperor
Document 9 provides a stronger nationalistic view
of the “German tribes” taking on an extremely
ethnocentric tone suggesting the Germans not
degrade themselves by mingling with others and
serves to unify by identifying a “Archetype” of what
a German is. Suggesting Germans remain true to
themselves (providing a strong pride in nation)
Zionism
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As nationalism grew in Europe it led to
an increase in anti-Semitism
• As people became more patriotic
about their country, they also became
more intolerant of those whom they
saw as outsiders, including Jews
Document 8 Theodore Hertzl has
identified the role of the Jews in
building modern Europe but identifies
their historical marginalization and the
need for an independent homeland
(Israel) His suggestion is a slow and
deliberate migration to Palestine to
create a sovereign Jewish state.
Zionism
• As anti-Semitism
grew, many Jews fled
to Palestine, the
ancient Jewish
homeland in the
Middle East
• There they built
homes and organized
communities
Nationalism in the Balkans
• Nationalism was a
source of conflict in
the Balkan peninsula
of southeastern
Europe
• There were many
ethnic groups that
were controlled by the
Ottoman Empire and
Austria-Hungary
Nationalism in the Balkans
Nationalism in the Balkans
• The Ottoman Empire
became known as the
“sick man of Europe”
because of the land
that was lost
• The empire slowly
lost more and more
territory
Nationalism: Reaction to
Imperialism
• Chinese Nationalist revolution:
Led by Dr. SunYat Sen against
Qing Dynasty
• Mahdi Movement- Sudanese
Islamist against British
• Pan Arab movement against
Ottoman Rule
• Pan Slav Movement against
Ottoman Rule
• Philippine Nationalist led by
Emilio Aguinaldo against
American forces
• Indian Nationalist Movement
against British Raj-establish
Indian National Congress and
self-rule movement
• Japanese Nationalism under
Mejii restoration
• Russian Nationalism and
Tsarist “Russification” process
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Century Nationalism:
Unifying or Divisive
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Causes: common culture, need to gain freedom,
identification of a common history, enlightened
ideals (when France sneezes the rest of Europe
gets a cold thank Napoleon), common
enemy(Empire)
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Patterns of nationalist acquisition: wars, alliances(
help from other like-minded powers), anthems,
flags, red-shirts, phrases like :Blood and Iron”, tap
into historical legitimacy (biblical Zion), dreams of
an ideal (Gran Colombia, constitution, rights), flags
and martyrization of founders
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Effects- Unity or divisions, bloodshed and wars of
independence, independence, constitutions,
solidified alliances or deeper seeded enemies,
incomplete freedom (colonies), increased
nationalism, brinksmanship ( pushing alliances to
the brink of war (WWI)
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Case Studies- United States, France, Haiti, Latin
America, Mexico, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy,
Germany, India, Philippines, Zionism(Jewish
homeland), Albania, Serbia, Romania, Hungary,
China, Pan Arab, Pan Slav, Japan, Russia, African
colonies
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Evidence: Leaders Bourgeoisie, Creoles, Mazzini,
Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck, Herzl, Sun Yat Sen.
Mahdi movement, Emilio Aguinaldo . Mejii Emperor,
Zapata,
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Wars: Independence wars, Crimean, FrancoPrussian, Sino-Japanese, Zulu wars, RussoJapanese Wars, Spanish-American Wars, Sepoy
Mutiny, Boxer Rebellion
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By 1900: Ottoman and Austria-Hungary
fragmented. British and French , Russian, USA,
strengthened
New Nation-states- Greece, Italy, Germany,
Albania, Bulgaria, Bolivia, Venezuela, etc.
Incomplete independence- Ireland, Serbia,
Poland, African colonies, India, SE Asia ( Vietnam),
Cuba, Philippines, China(still Qing),
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