Transcript ITALIAN & GERMAN UNIFICATION

Nationalism
1750-1914
Nation
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Common territory
Common language
Common ethnicity and culture
Shared history
Nationalism
• Definition:
• devotion and loyalty to one's own nation;
patriotism; excessive patriotism
• Devotion to the interests or culture of one's
nation
• The belief that nations will benefit from acting
independently rather than collectively,
emphasizing national rather than international
goals
• Aspirations for national independence in a
country under foreign domination.
"nationalism." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 11 Apr. 2009. <Dictionary.com
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nationalism>.
"nationalism." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 11 Apr. 2009.
<Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nationalism>.
Forces of Change
• Enlightenment
• Business
– Economic and technical change
• Population increase
Anatomy of a Revolution
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Phase One—Preliminary Stage
Characteristics
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Financial Breakdown
Government Protests Increase
Dramatic Events
Moderates Attain Power
Honeymoon Period
Phase Three—Crisis Stage Characteristics
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Class Antagonism
Government Inefficiency
Inept Ruler
Intellectual Transfer of Loyalty
Failure of Force
Phase Two—First Stage
Characteristics
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Radicals Take Control
Moderates Driven From Power
Civil War
Foreign War
Centralization of Power in a Revolutionary
Council Dominated by a Strong Man
Phase Four—Recovery Stage
Characteristics
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Slow, Uneven Return to Quieter Times
Rule by a Tyrant
Radicals Repressed
Moderates Gain Amnesty
Aggressive Nationalism
http://www.slc.k12.ut.us/staff/jennic/docs/Crane%20Brinton.pdf
France
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Causes of The French Revolution 1789
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Moderate phase: Create a Constitutional Monarchy
Extreme phase: Execution of the King
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Enlightenment thinkers
Three Estates
Estates General
Committee for Public Safety; Maximillian Robespierre
Reign of Terror
War with the powers of Europe
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Coalition: Austria, Britain, and Russia
French Nationalism
• The Directory forms a more
moderate government 17951799
• The Consulate and Napoleon
Bonaparte
– born on August 15, 1769
– Military career began at age 14
– 1799, he staged a coup d’etat
and installed himself as First
Consul
– five years later he crowned
himself Emperor of the French
French Nationalism
• Excellent civil administrator
– Greatest achievements
• the Code Napoleon or Code Civil
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Moderate
religious toleration; abolition of serfdom
political and legal equality of all adult men
merit-based society
Protected private property
– Government for the people, not by the
people
• Police state
• censorship
• centralized France's government by
appointing prefects to administer regions
called departments
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Spread citizenship and nationalism
throughout Europe and other parts of the
world
French Nationalism
• Brilliant military commander
– Plans to create a large
empire
• Continental System
– Egypt
• Victorious, placed own
leadership and system
over the region
– Peninsular War
• Popular resistance in Spain
and Portugal
• Goya’s Paintings
– Los Fusilamentos
del 3 de mayo en
Madrid, 1814
– Collosus
Goya’s Notebook
Picture
Titles
Goya’s Notebook
Picture
Titles
Goya’s Notebook
Picture
Titles
Picture
Titles
French Nationalism
• Continental System
– Russia
French Nationalism
• Continental System
– Waterloo
French Nationalism
• Continental System
– Waterloo
Congress of Vienna
• 1815: Restoration of the European Balance of power
– France not severely punished
• Border states strengthened
– Multiple perspectives
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Conservative victory
Liberal response
Radicals
Socialists
Nationalists
– Key political discussion in Europe
• Constitutional structure
• Political participation
Rise of New Nations
• 1820s and 1830s
– Greece
– Spain
– Portugal
– Belgium
• 1850s
– Reforms
ITALIAN & GERMAN
UNIFICATION
Italy
• Congress of Vienna
solidified patchwork
region
• Emerging
nationalistic groups.
Guiseppe Mazzini (18051872)
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Italian nationalist
Fought for liberal and romantic
reasons
founded new organization Young Italy
– focused on revolution and
spreading brotherhood of free
peoples
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felt revolt must come from
below
attempted revolutions 1837, 41,
43-4, 48 all fail.
Artistic support
– Guiseppe Verdi
Messa da Requiem_ II. Tuba
Mirum
Camillo Benso di Cavour
• Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
emerges after 1848 Revolutions
• Cavour: Unification from above
– chief minister of PiedmontSardinia
– wily, practical politician
– builds economy and political
structure
• 1858 secret treaty with France,
war with Austria
• northern Italy elects to join
Piedmont.
Giuiseppe Garibaldi
• Garibaldi’s revolutionary
background
• Garibaldi and i Mille (the
Thousand), aka the red
shirts
– invaded Sicily with 1000
men
– move from south - prove
the validity of Mazzini
– threat to Rome
– surrenders south to
Piedmont.
Giuiseppe Garibaldi
• Garibaldi’s revolutionary
background
• Garibaldi and i Mille (the
Thousand), aka the red
shirts
– invaded Sicily with 1000
men
– move from south - prove
the validity of Mazzini
– threat to Rome
– surrenders south to
Piedmont.
Giuiseppe Garibaldi
• Garibaldi’s revolutionary
background
• Garibaldi and i Mille (the
Thousand), aka the red
shirts
– invaded Sicily with 1000
men
– move from south - prove
the validity of Mazzini
– threat to Rome
– surrenders south to
Piedmont.
Bridge of Teano
Sardinian
expansion
1859
1860
1866
1870
Prussian Reforms after
Napoleon
• Total destruction of Prussian army triggers
reform
– Leaders realize a brow beaten army of serfs won’t
fight as well as motivated citizens (like the French
forces)
• Try to create a professional army
• Reforms keep power in hands of nobles and
king.
– Rebellions of 1840 and 1848
• Richard Wagner
Wagner: The
Valkyrie
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898)
• Conservative, supporter
of strong monarch and
aristocratic rights
• Served as ambassador
• Becomes Chancellor in
1862 when William I
has problems with the
Parliament
• Considered the
architect of German
unification
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898)
• Assumed inevitable conflict
with Austria over leadership
in Germany; wants to
prepare for war
– Orders collection of taxes
without authority!
– Uses money for the army
– dismisses lower chamber
– censorship and fires liberals
from government jobs
“The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions of majorities, but by
blood and iron” --Otto von Bismarck
Three Wars towards
unification
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Realpolitik
Preliminary diplomatic actions
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Schleswig & Holstein (1863)
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isolation
avoidance of being the
aggressor
Danish king dies without an
heir
Bismarck annexes Denmark
Austria (1866)
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series of diplomatic
maneuvers
feeling pressured, Austria
launches a pre-emptive strike,
allied with most south German
states
Prussian army is quickly
assembled and wins decisively
Bismarck, Von Roon, and Moltke
Three Wars towards
unification
• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
– policy of a “soft peace”
• Austria loses no land to
Prussia
• small indemnity
• lose Venetia to the Italians
• gain the Hungarian throne done to avoid harsh
feelings because Prussia
wants Austria as an ally
• formation of North German
Confederacy (1867).
Triumph of Nationalism
• Press loves a
winner
• Heralded as unifier
of Germany
(previously a liberal
idea)
• Liberals sacrifice
rights for expansion,
power and military
triumph
“Exalt his self esteem toward foreigners and the Prussian forgets
whatever bothers him about conditions at home.” Bismarck 1858.
Three Wars towards
unification
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Franco-Prussian War (1870)
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Spanish crown becomes
vacant
French and Hohenzollerns
place claim
Ems Dispatch July 14th, 1870
French land demands from
the Austro-Prussian war
Napoleon III declares war
Prussian and German forces
are victorious - siege Paris.
Aftermath
• France is forced to give up
Alsace and Lorraine
• France must pay indemnity
• Prussia occupies Paris
– harsh treatment builds
French resentment and
leads to WWI
• South German states join
Prussia - formation of
German Empire - January
18, 1871
Europe in 1871
Diplomatic Tensions
• European balance of
power is irrevocably
altered
– Bismarck wants to
preserve German power
• Forges new alliances
– 1873 the Three
Emperors League
– 1879 Dual Alliance
– 1881 Triple Alliance
– 1887 Reinsurance Treaty
Bismarck and Napoleon III
Zionism
• Jewish Minority
– Did not fit the
nation’s identity
• Rise of Anti-semitism
• Increased violence
– Theodor Herzl 1897
• Launched the Zionist
movement
– Fought to establish
a Jewish state in
Palestine
Latin American Independence
• Independence Movements
– To create representative governments
• freedom of commerce
• protection of private property
– Constitutions
• Create order and representation
• Voting rights restricted
– Property
– Literacy
Latin American Independence
• Mexico
– Miguel Hidalgo 1810
– Augustín Iturbide
• South America
– Simón Bolivar
– 1817-1822
• Victories in Venuzuela,
Columbia, and Equador
• Region named Gran
Columbia
– Wanted unity
• Regional rivalries and
economic competition in
1830s caused separation
Latin American Independence
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Most movements shared
enlightenment ideals
– Slavery abolished by 1854
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Problems
– Regional rivalries and internal
frictions
• poor transportation systems
• Economies stalled
• Years of warfare
– Loyalty issues
• Caudillos
– Leaders disagreed
• Strong central government or
regional state-based
government
– Catholic Church
– Indecision made this area a
target for foreign intervention
Moral of the Story
• War is easy…nationalism is hard
The End
Nationalism
1750 - 1914