Transcript The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914

Chapter 25
Maps and Images for
McKay 8e
A History of Western
Society
Chapter 25
The Age of Nationalism,
1850-1914
The Age of Nationalism
• The rise of nationalism became a
dominant force in western society.
– Liberalism and nationalism provided
European governments with significant
problems.
– Nationalism became a rallying point for
many disaffected peoples.
Manet, The Barricade
Manet, The Barricade
In this detail from his
painting The Barricade,
Edouard Manet (1832-1883)
captures a scene from the
Paris Commune of 1871.
The communards are trying
to protect themselves with
barricades from the
onslaught of government
troops. Although fewer than
one thousand government
soldiers died, over 25,000
communards were killed.
(Hungarian National
Museum)
Napoleon III and France
• Proved that Government could fuse
liberalism and conservatism in
authoritarian Nationalism
– Second Republic of France
• Great name / legend
• People wanted tough ruler to provide protection
• Positive program (popular with the people)
– Shared power with the National Assembly /
seized power in a Coup d’etat.
Portrait of Napoleon III
Portrait of Napoleon III
This painted portrait of
Napoleon III is an
example of official art
glorifying the French
emperor, who reigned
from 1852 to 1870. He is
framed by a Roman
statue on his right and
the imperial eagle on his
left, both symbols of
strength and glory.
(Giraudon/Art Resource,
NY)
Napoleon III and France
• Napoleon III’s Second Empire
– Greatest success with the economy
• New investment banks / RR expansion / Public works /
– Showed concern for the people
• Better housing / regulate pawnshops / right to form a
Union / right to strike
– Gradual liberalization of the government
• National assembly re-asserts rights / people vote in favor of
new constitution
Italian strikers, 1890s
Italian strikers, 1890s
This detail from Pelizza
da Volpedo Giuseppe's
(1868-1907) study for
The Fourth Estate
depicts Italian strikers
of the 1890s. (Arborio
Mella)
Nation Building in Italy
• The unification of Italy was achieved by the
work of Cavour and Garibaldi.
– Cavour of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for
Italian unification.
– Cavour built Sardinia into a liberal and
economically sound state allied with France.
• He sought unity for the northern and central
areas of Italy.
– Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and Sicily.
• Except for Rome and Venice, Italy was
politically united in 1860.
Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel
Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel
For centuries many Italians had dreamed of national unity, but the reality was not achieved until 1861.
This painting/fresco by Cesare Maccari (1840-1919) depicts the historic meeting between the successful
military leader of the unification drive, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and the king of Sardinia, Victor
Emmanuel, at the Bridge of Teano in the fall of 1860. This meeting sealed the unification of northern
and southern Italy in a unified state. With only the sleeve of his red shirt showing, Garibaldi offers his
hand--and his conquests--to the uniformed king and his modern monarchical government.
Garibaldi leads "Red Shirts"
Garibaldi leads "Red Shirts"
The revolutionary Italian firebrand Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) set sail for Sicily in
May 1860, with but 1000 poorly armed, red-shirted followers, to help the island overthrow
its Bourbon ruler. This painting shows Garibaldi leading his Red Shirts to victory over the
Neapolitan Army. Garibaldi's successful conquests in the south and Count Camillo di
Cavour's in the north opened the way for Italian unification.
Map: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870
The Unification of
Italy, 1859-1870
The leadership of
Sardinia-Piedmont
and nationalist
fervor were
decisive factors in
the unification of
Italy. (Copyright (c)
Houghton Mifflin.
All rights reserved.)
Nation Building in Germany
• The unification of Germany was achieved
through a series of successful wars.
– There was a debate about how unification should
proceed.
– One group proposed the Klein-deutsch solution to
unification.
• Another faction favored the Gross-deutsch
solution to unification.
– Prussian victories over Denmark, Austria, and
France helped to forge a new central European
power.
– Bismarck’s goal of Prussian expansion was realized.
– Bismarck used the war with France to bring
southern Germany into the union.
Nation Building in Germany
• Before Bismarck
– Block to block between Austria and Prussia
over the German Confederation
• The Custom Union (Tariff taxes) or Zollverein
allowed Prussia to come out on top as it shut out
Austria
• Prussian King increased the military / best
training / paid for with taxes not authorized by
the liberal government
• Fight in Prussia was over who would lead Prussia
– Middle class or the king (who had the political power)
Nation Building in Germany
• Bismarck
– Pragmatic believed in “Blood and Iron” the
will and ability to do it…….
– Danish War distracted liberals / Bismarck
used Nationalism to gain Schleswig-Holstein
– Forced Austria into a war they could not win
• 7 weeks / technology and organization won
• Battle of Sadowa ended the war
• Parliament liberals went over to Bismarck
afterwards
Nation Building in Germany
• Bismarck and Parliament
– Bismarck made peace with the liberal middle class
– Winning in Denmark made the difference
• Parliament followed Bismarck and nationalism
• The Franco-Prussian War
– Bismarck wanted to drive the Southern German states into
Prussia
– Beat the French at Sedan / Technology and organization
won the day
– William I proclaimed the Empire at Versailles / Germany
now a State /
– Made France pay
• Took Alsace and Lorraine
• Fined France
• Laid the groundwork for WW I
Map: The Unification of Germany, 1866-1871
The Unification of
Germany, 1866-1871
This map deserves
careful study. Note how
Prussian expansion,
Austrian expulsion
from the old German
Confederation, and the
creation of a new
German empire went
hand in hand. Austria
lost no territory, but
Prussia's neighbors in
the north suffered
grievously or simply
disappeared. The
annexation of AlsaceLorraine turned
France into a lasting
enemy of Germany
before 1914. (Copyright
(c) Houghton Mifflin.
All rights reserved.)
Events Leading To German Unification
1815
Congress
of Vienna
sets up
German
Confederation
1815
1830
1834
Zollverein
moves toward
economic
unity
among
German
states
1845
1848
Frankfurt
Assembly offers
united German
throne to Prussian
King Frederick
William IV
1862
Otto von
Bismarck
is named
chancellor
of Prussia;
Bismarck
begins to build
up Prussian
military
1860
1866
Prussia
defeats Austria,
sets up North
German
Confederation
1870
Prussia
defeats
France
1875
1871
Second
Reich
proclaimed
Nation Building in the United States
• The transformation of the United States resulted from the
American Civil War (1861—1865).
– The American Civil War brought two regions of the country into
conflict (sectionalism).
– Social and economic weaknesses put the South at a disadvantage.
• Military leadership in the South gave the South an early
advantage.
– The North was an industrial power with a considerably greater
population.
– A new American nationalism grew out of the Civil War.
• The United States began to focus on industrialization after
the Civil War.
• The Civil War ended slavery in the United States.
Matthew Brady, Soldiers at Antietam
Matthew Brady, Soldiers at Antietam
The American photographer Matthew Brady (1823-1896) took haunting photos of
nearly every facet of the Civil War. This one shows some of the bodies of the
Confederate soldiers who died at the Battle of Antietam in 1862.
Map: Slavery in the United States, 1860
Slavery in the United States, 1860
This map illustrates the nation on the eve of the Civil War. Although many issues contributed to the
developing tensions between North and South, slavery was the fundamental, enduring force that
underlay all others. Lincoln's prediction, "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half
slave and half free," tragically proved correct.
Russia and Modernization
• The movement toward modernization in Russia
came in the nineteenth century.
• The Crimean War loss helped to foster
modernization in Russia.
• The hardships of the war led to the threat of peasant
uprisings.
• The Great Reforms
• The freeing of the serfs was the first and greatest step
toward modernization.
• The Zemstvo
– Local assembly made up of the three classes
Gustave Dore's critique of Russian serfdom
Gustave Dore's critique of Russian serfdom
In this nineteenth-century engraving, the prolific French
artist/illustrator Gustave Dore (1832-83) reveals how landowners
viewed their serfs as mere property that could be won and lost with a
Russia and Modernization
– Growing industrialization was stimulated by
railroad construction.
• Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway helped to
modernize Russia.
• Alexander II assassinated
• Alexander III stopped reform
– In Russia Economic reform kept going / political reform
stopped
– Sergei Witte
• Finance minister used the West to catch up to the west
– West financed industrialization
Russia and Modernization
– Revolution of 1905
• Russo-Japanese war of 1905
– Showed how weak / backward Russia was
– Showed how Japan was strong and fascists
• The loss led to revolution as liberals and factory workers used the
opportunity to revolt
– Bloody Sunday troops opened fire on the people / changed the way
the people looked at the Tzar / no longer a father figure let to 1917
revolution
– October Manifesto --- Tzar issued a full civil rights decree and
popularly elected Duma for the people This split the people and the
middle class supported the Tzar and helped the government repress
the revolution and stay in power.
– Duma elected by male sufferage / not powerful enough / passed the
Fundamental laws / a step back / Tzar kept the veto power.
1905 "Freedom" poster
1905 "Freedom" poster
This peasant woman, who
appears as the symbol of
radical demands in the
Russian countryside in the
revolution of 1905, holds
aloft a red socialist banner
that reads "Freedom!" This
vibrant drawing is on the
first page of a new review
featuring political cartoons
from the rapidly growing
Russian popular press. (New
York Public Library, Slavonic
Division)
The Responsive National States
• Common Framework
– Mass Politics
– Mass loyalty to the Nation state
– Women began to demand the vote
• Posititive aspects
– Right to vote spread / people more fairly
represented / governments were responsive to needs
of the people
• Nations tended to manipulate the people to
divert attention from other issues
– Manipulated the Jews as a focus of hate
– Territory seized by states was supported by
socialists
The Responsive National States
• Germany
– Bismarck attacked the Catholic church in his Kulturkampf
(Culture Wars)
• Didn’t like Pope’s infallibility stance in the church
• Eventually got along / supported each other for economic reasons /
– Tariffs (to pay for social issues) caused tensions within Europe
and led to competition
• First nation to enact social legislation
• Better social programs / peoples still voted socialist
• William II required Bismarck to resign
– Economy did not improve / foreign policy got worse / Led to
WWI
Cover page of Die Wehr
Cover page of Die Wehr
One of many nationalist
movements in the early
twentieth century, the
German Army League ran
organized campaigns for
increases in German army
expenditures. Their
newspaper enjoyed a
circulation of over 300,000.
This engraving from the
cover page of a 1914 edition
of their newspaper suggests
that just as Germans had to
rally for the fatherland in
1813 and 1870, so they may
again have to defend it.
The Responsive National States
• France -- After Sedan defeat / Loss of A&L /
crushing the Paris Commune
• France formed a new national unity
• Retained a Republic
• Leon Gambetta (a Moderate) led in the unity for France
– Free education / focused of next generation / secularized the schools
– Teachers led the charge / got rid of religion in school
– The Dreyfus Affair
• The Army / anti-Semites / Catholic church
– Jew convicted of treason / false documents / eventually overturned
• Led to reaction against the church schools funding lost out
• People were indoctrinated by government / nationalism
Wilhelm proclaimed ruler by Bismarck
Wilhelm proclaimed ruler by Bismarck
The ultimate blow to French pride and the culmination of the German nationalist
movement was the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles
on January 18, 1871. This painting, by the German painter Anton von Werner, depicts
William (Wilhelm) I presiding over the creation of the Second Reich, while Otto von
Bismarck, the nation builder, and the military theoretician Helmuth von Moltke stand at his
Dreyfus being shunned
Dreyfus being shunned
Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of
treason. In 1898 and 1899, the case split France apart; it became known as the Dreyfus
affair. Leaving an 1899 reconsideration of his original court martial, Dreyfus receives an
insulting guard of dishonor from soldiers whose backs are turned. Top army leaders were
The Responsive National States
• Great Britain and Ireland
– John Stuart Mill – On Liberty
• How do you protect the rights of the individual / minorities
with the mass electorate
• 3rd reform Bill 1884 gave the vote to all males
• Conservatives tried to veto the peoples Budget (Money for
Social Welfare) / failed with help by David Lloyd George
– Ireland
• Gladstone liberal ideas brought Ireland to equal treatment
• Self government between Ulster / Republicans not possible
sectarian violence / postponed by WWI.
Suffragist poster
Suffragist poster
This 1910 poster
protested the forcefeeding of suffragettes
on hunger strike in
Britain. It invited voters
to reject the Liberal
government, guilty of
what suffragettes viewed
as state torture. (Library
of Congress)
1928
Steps toward
Democracy in
Great Britain
1918
• Vote extended to all women
• Vote extended to women over 30
1911 • Restrictions on power of
House of Lords
• Vote extended to include most men
1880s • Secret ballot introduced
• Reforms in public housing and health
1870
1867
• Free elementary education for all children
• Vote extended to working-class men
• Vote extended to most male property owners
1830s • Redistribution of seats in House of Commons
• Slavery abolished in Britain and British colonies
1820s • Removal of religious restrictions
• Trade unions legalized
1815
Fewer than five percent of population has right to vote
Politics dominated by wealthy men / Rotten boroughs
Religious restrictions on voting and holding office
"No Home Rule" poster
"No Home Rule" poster
Posters like this one--No
Home
Rule--helped
to
foment pro-British, antiCatholic sentiment in the
northern Irish counties of
Ulster before World War I.
The rifle raised defiantly and
the accompanying rhyme are
a thinly veiled threat of
armed rebellion and civil
war. (National Museums of
Northern Ireland)
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Nationalism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire
was an ethnic patchwork.
– After 1866 defeat by Prussia the dual monarchy was
set up (two states / one monarch)
– Multiethnic and multinational populations posed
problems.
• Few voting rights
• The nationalistic Magyars ruled Hungary.
• The language used in government and school was a
particularly divisive issue. (Croats / Romanians / Slavs)
• Nationalism weakened the Empire would
eventually destroy it
Language Ordinances, 1897
Language Ordinances, 1897
The Language Ordinances of 1897, which were intended to satisfy the Czechs by
establishing equality between the local language and German in non-German
districts of Austria, produced a powerful backlash among Germans. This wood
engraving shows troops dispersing German protesters of the new law before the
Jewish Emancipation / Anti-Semitism
• Jews gained civil rights after supporting the
revolutions of 1848
– Prussia abolished all restrictions on Jews
– Traditional Jewish jobs were undermined by free
marked reform but many new jobs and fields were
open
• Anti-Semitic parties attacked Jews / blamed
them for all problems
– Karl Lueger (anti-Semitic party) won in Vienna
– Led to Zionism (Theodor Herzl) need a place to go
for freedom (Palistine)
Marxism and the Socialist Movement
• Nationalism was a unifying force in European
Nations
• Socialism was fragmented with radicals
• Responses to nationalism and industrialism
were spearheaded by the socialist movement.
– Marxism led the negative response to
industrialization.
• Socialists united in 1864 to form an international socialist
organization known as the First International.
• Das Kapital / The Communist Manifesto
• Scientific doctrine / anti religion/ anti-state
"May Day" postcard
"May Day" postcard
In the late nineteenth century May 1 (May Day) was declared an annual international oneday strike, a day of marches and demonstrations. Workers participated enthusiastically in
these annual strikes to honor international socialist solidarity, as this German postcard
from a happy woman visitor to her cousin suggests. Speeches, picnics, and parades were the
order of the day, and workers celebrated their respectability and independent culture.
Picture postcards developed with railroads and mass travel. (akg-images)
Marxism and the Socialist Movement
• Socialism had an important psychological
impact on European society.
• May Day (Annual one day strike)
• The Second International lasted until 1914.
• Unions / Revisionism
–
–
–
–
Unions worked on progress
Standards of living rose / quality of life up
Unions changed from illegal to legal
Gradual improvement not revolution the goal
• Revisionism
– The sin of re-interpreting Marx in modern context
– Jean Jaures and example
Nationalist and Socialist Movement
• Both philosophies emphasized the old
order’s inability to provide a positive
response to people’s needs.