Transcript Presentation

• Cartographers draw the earth’s surface
features, land formations, and water
sources.
• This is the way they depicted the world in
the sixteenth century (1500s).
*What do cartographers make?
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*What allowed the Europeans to sail great distances?
2
Who was First!
• Portugal was the first country to use
new technology for sea travel. They
took the lead in European exploration
and brought spices back to Europe.
3
Exploration:
• In 1420, Prince Henry the Navigator established a
school for navigators to use new tools (compass,
astrolabe--star chart)
• He sponsored Portuguese fleets that sailed along
the western coast of Africa. Sails that allowed
ships to move against the wind were invented.
• They found gold. Europeans called the southern
coast of West Africa the Gold Coast.
4
What is a hemisphere? How is the earth divided into hemispheres?
Aztec
Empire
Maya
Empire
Iroquois
League of
nations
Mali
Empire
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Around Africa to India!
• In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded
the tip of Africa looking for a route
to India.
• Vasco da Gama made the trip to the
Bay of Bengal and the port of
Calcutta in India in 1498.
– He took on a cargo of spices and
returned to make a profit of several
thousand percent.
– The route became well traveled.
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Get Rich!
Make money in
a business!
Profit
Buy low!
Sell high!
Invest money to make
money!
• Think about this example:
– If the Portuguese navigator purchased 20 bushels of
spices for 5 Escudos ($) each, how much did he pay
for the supply?
• Now he sails back to the homeland in Europe,
bringing those 20 bushels of spices.
– He sells each of the bushels for 1200 Escudos each!
– How much profit does he make on the sale of
spices?
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Portugal
Spain
India
China
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•
In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite two
kingdoms of Aragon and Castile.
– The Spanish crown had “extra” money to invest in exploration.
• In 1492, Isabella paid for the voyages of Christopher
Columbus (Cristóbol Colón) who claimed land in the
Americas for Spain.
– In 1492 Columbus landed first in the Bahamas in the Caribbean
Sea. He claimed the land for Spain and called it San Salvador, or
“Holy Savior.”
– Then he reached and explored the coastline Cuba.
– He believed he had reached Asia.
• In his four voyages he explored many Caribbean Islands
and Honduras—all of which he called the Indies.
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• Treaty of Tordesillas
– Spain claimed land west of the line.
– Portugal claimed land east of the line.
For
Spain
For
Portugal
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• The Spanish explorers that conquered Mexico and Peru were
warriors that served the monarchy (king and queen).
• They were known as conquistadors.
• Hernando Cortez lived from 1485 to 1547.
• Cortez fought the Aztec Empire in 1519. Cortez and his fellow
conquistadors finally conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521.
• Francisco Pizarro in 1532 took control of the Incan Empire located
in the Andes mountains of Peru.
• .
• Within 30 years, the western part of Latin America, as Europeans
called it, was under Spanish control.
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• The Spanish created a system of colonial administration called the
encomienda, large tracks of land grants to be used as farms and
plantations.
• Queen Isabella declared that the Native Americans (called
Indians after the Spanish word Indios, or “inhabitants of the
Indies”) were her subjects.
• The Spanish were supposed to protect Native Americans, but few
of the Conquistadors worried about them.
–
Forced labor, starvation, and disease killed many of the Native
Americans.
– European diseases ravaged the native populations because they lacked
immunity to such diseases as smallpox.
• Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to 1 million.
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A population under attack!
• The Native Americans did not have immunity to diseases
that the Europeans brought like smallpox and measles.
• Many Native Americans were worked to death on
plantations.
• Large numbers of Native Americans were killed because
they refused to become Christians.
• The conquest of the Americas resulted in large scale
genocide of Native Americans.
– “geno” refers to a group or race. “cide” means kill.
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• Colonists in New Spain set up plantations to raise sugar, cotton,
vanilla, and livestock.
• Native agricultural products such as potatoes, cocoa, corn, and
tobacco were also shipped to Europe.
• The exchange of products, goods, technology, new ideas, customs, as
well as diseases is called cultural diffusion.
• Merchants and traders have always contributed to the spread of news,
technology and products between different groups of people.
• The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the
Americas is known as the Columbian exchange, an important example
of cultural diffusion.
• A colony is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked
with the parent country by trade and governmental control.
• Colonies and trading posts greatly increased international trade.
• Merchants brought products from the mother country
(homeland) to the colonists.
• The colonists were suppose to buy products from the
motherland.
Define: colony / colonist / cultural diffusion
Why did governments that controlled colonies want their colonists to
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buy products from their merchants?
• Colonies played an important role in the theory of
mercantilism, a set of economic principles that
dominated seventeenth-century economic thought.
• According to this theory, a nation’s prosperity
depended on a large supply of gold and silver as profit.
• The profits gave a country a favorable balance of trade.
• To get a favorable balance of trade the mother country had to
sell more products through exports to colonies and other
countries than they bought in imports from other countries.
• MORE PROFITS BY EXPORTS! Less spending on imports!
• They placed high tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods to keep them
out of the parent country and their colonies.
Define: import / export / taxes / tariffs / subsidy
How did the economic system of mercantilism work?
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• Colonies were important as sources of raw materials
for the parent country (the mother country or father country).
– Raw materials are the natural resources needed to make
products.
– What are the raw materials for:
• wool?
tables and chairs?
guns?
• The parent country used colonies as markets
(market=trading or selling of goods) for the finished
goods, goods made--manufactured--produced, in the
parent country.
– Thus the pattern was:
• raw materials were used to make goods in the parent
country
• the goods manufactured and made were sent to be sold
in the colonies
*How did the parent country attempt to control the economy of the
colonies?
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• God
– spread of Catholic
Church
– religious zeal
• Gold
• Reasons for Exploration:
• The Spanish and Portuguese
had three goals.
– A missionary spirit to take
Christianity to new lands. This
religious zeal led many
missionaries to come to the
Americas to spread their
religion.
WHY?
– desire for material
wealth
– to increase economy of
parent country
• Glory
– to make their empire
stronger
– to have more power
• God…
– To increase personal and
country wealth.
• Gold…
– To strengthen the empire and
win renown for themselves.
• Glory…
* Design a cartoon that illustrates
the reasons, motivations, for
Spanish exploration. Put the 17
information in the cartoon.
• The Columbian Exchange:
– The Spaniards called the Americas a “New
World.”
– As a result of Columbus, foodstuff and other
products were taken to Europe and Africa.
• Foods like corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, cocoa
beans were moved to Europe and Africa from the
Americas.
• The diet of western Europe and Africa changed
because of the introduction of new foodstuff from
the Native Americans.
• Precious metals such as gold and silver were also
moved to Europe and increased the wealth of the
parent country.
• Tobacco was also exchanged and became popular in
Europe.
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NEW WORLD
•Foodstuffs:
•corn, potatoes,
•tomatoes, beans,
•squash, cocoa beans,
vanilla
•Precious Metals:
•gold, silver
•Tobacco
From the Americas to Europe
OLD WORLD
•Foodstuffs:
•wheat,
sugar,rice,
•coffee beans
•Livestock:
•cattle, horses,
pigs
•Diseases:
•smallpox,
measles,
•influenza,
typhus
From Europe to19
Americas
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