Transcript Ch 14 Rise of Monarchs and Exploration

Ch 14
1500’s
1600’s
Exploration and Colonization of the Americas
Population and Economic Changes
Rise of Strong Monarchs in England and France
Height of the Spanish Empire
Central and Eastern Europe:
Holy Roman Empire
Poland
Ottoman Empire
Machiavelli’s ideas on Politics (The Prince)
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Exploration of
Americas
•God, Glory and Gold
•Why sudden urge to explore? (5)
•From Antwerp
•to
•Amsterdam (Netherlands)
(Spanish Netherlands -
Belgium)
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Explorers:
• Sailing for Portugal:
• Bartholomew Dias - rounds Cape of Good
Hope 1487
• Vasco da Gama - reaches India
• For Spain:
• Columbus - America
• Magellan - circumnavigates globe
3
Who conquered
whom?
• Aztec = Hernando Cortes
• Inca = Francisco Pizarro
How?
Guns, Germs and Steel
by Jared Diamond
4
Results of
Exploration and
Colonization
• Exploration and colonization of the
Americas will have an/a
• economic
• political
• social - Columbian Exchange
• intellectual
• impact on European.
5
Spanish Colonial
Economy
• Exploitive, extractive, mercantilist policies
• Encomienda - grant giving right to
indigenous labor
• Repartimiento - labor tax
• Debt Peonage - free but forever in debt
• African slavery - unfree
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Spanish Colonies
• Government:
• King
• Council of Indies
• audiencias
• Viceroys - viceroyalties
• Religion:
• Roman Catholicism - Jesuits
7
Spanish Society in. . .
The Americas
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•
•
•
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mulatos and
Mestizos
Indians and slaves
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Treatment of Indians draws critics
• Bartolome de las Casas
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•
•
•
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“Defender of the Indians”
Appeals to Charles V in 1515
Christian Humanist
noble savages capable of conversion
New Laws of 1542
Black Legend
• Michel de Montaigne “On Cannibals” 1560
- Europeans must judge themselves on the same basis
they judge indigenous in America.
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Slavery and slave
trade
dominated by....
• Portugal and Spain in 16th century
• Dutch in 17th century
• British - late 17th and early 18th century
• Peak of slave trade = 18th century
• Why? sugar production in West Indies
and Brazil very profitable
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Commercial
Revolution
• Changes in commerce and trade occurring
in the 16th and 17th century as a result of
the discovery of the Americas:
•
•
•
Trilateral replaces bilateral trade
Atlantic replaces Mediterranean
New economic practices:
•
•
•
•
bill of exchanges
banking
joint stock companies - this is how the
English funded most of their New World
colonies
Bourse of Antwerp
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Netherlands in the 17th century
The Dutch - Holland
• Why #1 commercial power of 17th c?
•
•
•
innovations in commerce (Bank of Amsterdam) and
maritime technology
geography
culture
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• exports must
exceed imports
Mercantilism
• wealth of nations depends on stored
bullions
• colonies are set up to enrich mother
country
• government regulates trade by setting
up:
•
•
protectionist laws - tariffs
monopolies
• embraced by all types of governments:
absolutist, republic, constitutional monarchy
13
New economic theories:
• mercantilism -
capitalism - adopted
by entrepreneurs Text
adopted by rulers
Differences between the
aristocracy and middleclass entrepreneurs.
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What does Commercial Rev
bring?
• new trading center
• triangular trade
• price revolution - inflation
• rise of capitalists - capitalism
• new banking and commercial practices
• banking
• bill of exchange
• joint stock companies
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Social impact of the discovery of
the Americas = Columbian Exchange
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Demographic changes:
• Population between 1470 and 1620
• Inflation
and wages
• Enclosure movement in the 1600’s
• Results = wage earners and farmers forced
of land become urban vagrants leading to. .
.
• English Poor Law of 1601 - workhouses
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Rise of Strong
Monarchs
in 16th and 17th
century?
WEST:
Central/East:
France
England
Spain
Italy
Holy Roman Empire
Hungary
Poland
Ottoman Empire
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Reasons for Spain’s decline in
the 17th century:
too much led to. . .
lack of
exports
except for:
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How did Henry VII beat the
nobles’ power after the
War of the Roses?
(1455 - 1485)
Used:
• JP’s
• the Star Chamber - a royal court
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Valois Dynasty of France
•
•
Louis XI (r1461 - 1483)
Charles VIII (r1483 - 1498)
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•
•
•
Need to increase funds b/c taille and gabelle only tax nobles paid
Louis XII (r1498 - 1515) - begins selling offices
Francis I (r1515 - 1547)
•
•
•
•
Habsburg/Valois Wars for control of Italy = 60+ years, leads to...
Concordat of Bologna 1516 = strengthens the Gallican Church, signed
by Pope Leo X - king retains power to appoint church leaders - makes
reformation unnecessary as state controls church
increases sale of offices to pay for wars in Italy
rules without the Estates General
Henry II (r1547 - 1559) French religious wars
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Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castile
How did they unite Spain?
•
Cortes of Castile - made of urban merchants
- helped by tackling lawlessness - made trade
possible
• appointed hidalgos as royal officials - not
nobles
• gained control of the military
• gained control over church appointments
• sales tax - the alcabala became the main
source of revenue for the monarchy
• completed the Reconquista by driving out
Muslims in Granada - 1492
• expelled Jews from Spain same year
• Establish the Spanish Inquisition 1483
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What SPRITE
categories do
you see?
Machiavelli’s The
Prince
• soldiers v. mercenaries = standing
armies
• It is better to be feared than loved, if
one must choose.
• A Prince should be both a lion and a
fox; a fox to discern toils and a lion to
drive off wolves
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