Transcript The New Monarchies

Caution! Europe
under
construction!
The New
Monarchies:
(aka The Renaissance
Monarchies)
c
15
–
c
16
Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H.S.
Chappaqua, NY
Ms. Snyder Culver City High School
Western Europe
• The Iberian
Peninsula, the
French territories,
and the British
Isles formed the
westernmost
borders of Europe
• Agriculturally, the
French lands were
the richest in all of
Characteristics of the New Monarchies
1. Kings began to build institutions of modern
states.
2. Growing reach made them “new”.
3. Able to raise and command armies, impose
taxes, summon advisers to represent their
will.
4. Growth of bureaucracies => more
consolidated effective power.
• Role of advisers grew in importance.
• Imposed taxes on salt, wine, other goods
Characteristics of the New Monarchies
1. Offering lords noble titles and offices
nobles dependent on monarchs for power
and honor
loyalty to the throne.
2. Armies raised against annoying nobles.
3. They enlisted the support of the middle
class in the towns tired of the local power
of feudal nobles.
4. Rulers made laws and imposed administrative
unity that hadn’t existed before.
Characteristics of the New Monarchies
Advances in warfare made
consolidation easier -- what
could not be inherited or
married could be conquered
EUROPE
1500
•
THE WESTERN
No common POWERS
pattern emerged
in the
consolidation of
western European
states
• England by
administrative
centralization,
France by good
fortune, and Spain
The Valois Dynasty in France
France in the 15c – 16c
Post Hundred Years War
Charles VII (1422-1461)
Royal Army
Levied a taille (annual direct tax
on land)
Louis XI
“The Spider/Spider
King”
• (r.1461-1483)
Added territory:
Burgundy
France Comte
Alsace-Lorraine
Political Power
Criticized by
Machiavelli
(Swiss Mercenaries)
LOUIS XI FAILS TO NAB LOW
COUNTRIES
• Failed to gain the
Burgandian Low
Countries for France
after the death of
Charles the Bold in
1477
• The marriage of Mary
of Burgundy to
Maximilian of
Hapsburg was a
significant turning
point in European
history
• It initiated the struggle
FRENCH FINANCES
• The long years of wars established the principle of
royal taxation that was critical to nation building in
France
• It allowed the crown to raise money for defense and
consolidation
• Most of the tax burden fell to the commoners, the
so-called Third Estate
• Taxes included the taille (land), gabelle (salt) and
the aide (various goods including meat and wine)
Francis I (1515-1547)
• King through marriage
• Contact with Italy had
brought Renaissance
to France
• Educated with some
humanist ideas
oPatron of the Arts
oBrought Leonardo da
Vinci to France
oMuch of its art
collection still in the
Louvre today!
oPalace of Fountainebleau
oSymbol of grandeur
England
• Post-Hundred Years War
• War of the Roses (1455-1485)
Rivalry for the throne
Lancaster
York
Tudor
England
1485
the natural
THE TAMING •With
defenses of an island
OF ENGLAND nation, England could
have been the first
European nation to
consolidate had it not
been for noble ambition
and a weak crown (see
War of the Roses, 14551485)
•Henry VII and his son
Subduing the nobles was Henry VIII put an end to
critical to the Tudors
dynastic instability and
success in consolidating
created a new nobility
England
that owed their titles and
loyalty to the Tudors
Henry VII, 1st Tudor King
• 1485-1509
• Results of War of the
Roses
• Restore royal prestige
• Dynastic marriages
• Court of Star Chamber
• To ensure fair enforcement
of laws against prominent
people
• Court of criminal equity
(things that seemed illegal,
but were technically legal)
• Deal with pesky nobles
The Habsburg Dynasty
THE MARRIAGES OF SPAIN
• Before the 16th century
there was little hope of
a unified Spain
• The Spanish people
were divided in several
separate states
• The two dominant
states were Castile, the
largest and richest, and
Aragon, which was
composed of a number
of quasi-independent
regions
Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain
The Madonna of the Monarchs
FERDINAND AND
ISABELLA
• In 1469, teenagers
Ferdinand (Aragon) and
Isabella (Castile)
exchanged wedding vows
• In 1479, the two crowns
were united and the
Catholic monarchs ruled
the two kingdoms jointly
and took the first steps
toward forging a single
Spanish state
Ferdinand and Isabella, Artist:
David Galchutt
THE RECONQUISTA
• The most notable
achievement of the
Spanish monarchs
was the recovery of
the lands that had
been conquered by
the Moors (what the
Spanish called the
Muslims)
RECONQUISTA COMPLETE
• The final stages of the
reconquista began in
1482 and lasted a
decade
• Waged as a holy war
and funded in part by
the pope and Christian
princes of Europe
• Granada finally fell and
the province was
absorbed into Castile
Kingdoms of Spain: 1492
Empire of Charles V
The Empire of Philip II
The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512
The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16c
Central Europe in 1600
The Growth of the Ottoman Empire
The Battle of Lepanto, 1571
Eastern Europe in 1550