Transcript Renaissance Monarchs

Politics and the State in the
Renaissance (1450-1521)
McKay 441-446
Agenda
•
•
•
•
Renaissance Quest Tuesday
Begin “New Monarchs”
Homework
Read Chapter 14 (453-458)
Roots of the New Monarchs
Fall of
Rome
No Central
Authority
476
End of the 100
Years War
King John
Signs Magna
Carta
Black Death
Begins
Noble Power begins
to weaken
Feudalism Begins
793
Viking
Invasions
Begin
1215
1300
Birth of
Parliament under
Edward I
1453
New Monarchies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Characteristics
term generally associated with Louis
XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand/Isabella
(Renaissance Rulers)
Began to centralize power & rule in
modern sense
Suppressed feudalism & nobility
Curtailed power of Catholic Church
Stressed heredity rule
– Favored by Bourgeoisie (town
people)
Create professional armies
Levied taxes
– Pay for large armies
– Kept order (commerce)
Encourage industry
Encourage humanism
Magna Charta
France
• Black Death and 100 Years war devastating
– Depopulation, economic disruption, devastated
agriculture
• Charles VII (1422-1461)
– Physically frail, emotionally insecure (father was
insane, mother promiscuous)
– expelled English in 1453
• Except Calais
– Reorganized royal council
• Gave more power to middle class
– Lawyers, bankers became chief advisers
– Began standing army
• Established regular companies of cavalry,
archers (paid by king)
– Controlled taxes
• Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)
• Helped pay for large army
France
• Louis XI (1461-1483)
– Son of Charles VII
– Spider King
• Had led rebellions against his father
and even allied with his father’s arch
enemies
• Known for his treacherous
(machiavellian) character of spinning
webs of plots and conspiracies
– Used standing army to control nobles
• Took control of Anjou, Bar, Maine,
Provence
– Promoted economic growth
• Restored old Roman roads
• Encouraged Trade fairs
• Silk weaving
• Welcomed foreign craftsmen
• Traded with England, Hanseatic
league
France
King Francis I
• King Francis I
– Concordat of Bologna
(1516)
• Rescinded Pragmatic
Sanction
– Had denied Pope
revenue
– Pope receives annates ($
from French clergymen)
– But Louis gets to appoint
bishops and abbots
– IE. King still controls
Catholic Church in France
– France remains Catholic
during Reformation
England
• King Henry IV dominated by nobles
– Fur collar crime rampant
• Parliament controlled by feudal
lords (blocked consolidation)
• War of the Roses (1455-1471)
– Civil War between noble families
• Yorkists and the Lancastrians
– Trade, commerce, agriculture,
industry all suffered due to
chronic disorder
• Tudors (of York) emerge victorious
after War of Roses
• Had slowed trade,
agriculture, industry
York
Lancaster
England
• Henry VII (1485-1509)
– Passed laws against livery and
maintenance
– Weakened Barons
• Lords prevented from maintaining
private armies and wearing livery
(family insignia)
– Used diplomacy to avoid war
• Eliminated the power of Parliament $$$
• Married son Arthur to Catherine of
Aragon
– Created alliance with Spain
– Royal council
• 12-15 (mostly middle class) used as
executive advisers
– Passed laws favoring upper middle class
• Trade, money interests
England
• Star Chamber
– King’s private council/ trial
– No jury present
– Ignore parliament
– Decided property disputes, disturbances
of peace
– Way of weakening/ killing unruly nobles
– Most nobles accepted because it kept
order
• Had no standing army
– But Utilized justices of the peace to police
local towns
• Encouraged wool exports
• Diplomacy
– Crushed Irish invasion
– Married Margaret (daughter) to Scottish
king
•
•
Spain
Aragon and Castile
– Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain through marriage
• Ferdinand was not ultra religious
• But wanted to appear moral and anti-herectical
– True unifying force was Catholicism
• Crusade against Moors
• Inquisition served as unifying legal force
• Catholicism viewed as Spanishness
Reconquesta- Jews and Moors expelled in 1492
– Moriscos (Muslim converts)
– Marranos (Jewish converts)
– viewed as “unfaithful” and heretics
– Inquisition tortured thousands
• Ferdinand received papal permission
• If it became unpopular he could blame the Pope
– Hermandades- “brotherhoods”
• Local police & judges brutally suppressed crime
– Spain emerged as “defender of the faith”
• Exported Catholicism to New World
• Crusade mentality permeates society
Rise of Hapsburgs
• Maximilian I (14931519) married heiress
of Burgundy and
Netherlands
• Their Son Philip
married Joanna of
Spain (heiress to
Ferdinand and Isabella)
• Their son Charles
inherited Austria,
Netherlands, Burgundy,
Spain, New World
– Elected HRE in
1519 as Charles V
– Most powerful ruler
(on paper)
Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy
• Not a “New Monarchy”
• Never able to centralize control over vast
territory
• Holy Roman Empire
– comprised of 4 States
• Princely States- hereditary dynasties
(Brandenburg)
• Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast
amounts of territory)
• Imperial Free Cities- (about 50)
bourgeoisie dominated
• Imperial Knights-lords of small
estates (loyal to HRE)
– A polyglot empire
• Multiple languages and cultures
– Emperor
• Elected by 7 Princes who held special
title of Electors
Charles V
“I speak Spanish to
God, Italian to
women, French to my
men, and German to
my horse.”
Stage is Set for Revolution
•
•
•
•
Image of Church greatly diminished
Few reform-minded leaders in Church
Monarchs are centralizing power
Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new
allies