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New Monarchies
Consolidation of power
First ‘modern’ nation-state
Toward end of Middle Ages,
governments broke down
(Black Death and Warfare)
Violence within and without
dominated
Characteristics of New Monarchy
Uses 15th century chaos to centralize
Determine state religion
Arouse sentiments of national loyalty
Establish hereditary monarchy as legitimate
rule
5. Enlisted aid of towns
6. Monarch uses army to subdue nobles
7. Breakdown of common law: establish civil
law
1.
2.
3.
4.
General Policies
1.
2.
3.
4.
Taxation: use to gain revenue
Taming Aristocracy
Codifying laws & creating courts
Controlling warfare (Medieval armies were
private armies; New Monarchies made armies
the sole preserve of the state)
5. Use of bureaucracy & officials – including
representative bodies
6. Religious control
France and England
100 Year’s War: France vs England
Cause:
1. English king vassal to French king over
duchy of Aquitaine
• French king wanted to assert control over
duchy and English king resisted
2. English king (Edward III) had claim to
French throne through mommy, a princess of
France
3. French nobles sought opportunities to gain
power at expense of French king
4. England exported wool to Flanders, which
was coming under the control of the French
king
5. Kings and nobles shared Chivalry, which
portrayed war as glorious and noble
Course of the War
• Most fighting was on French soil
• Scots, encouraged by the French did invade
England once…
• Few major battles
• English won at first, but war became one of
attrition and the French wore down the
English
Stuff…
• English longbows became widely used
• Plate mail armor used, but became very
expensive
• Joan of Arc: illiterate peasant girl that
rallied the French to many victories
– She was captured by French Burgundians
and turned over to the English
– She was burned at the stake as a heretic
Results:
1. England lost all continental possessions
except Calais
2. French land devastated
3. England and France in debt
4. Populations declined
5. Internal disruptions due to officials and
nobles dying
6. Trade disrupted
7. Heavy taxation on peasants to cover
debts and trade slump
8. England: Parliaments summoned by
king to get help raising money
• Gave nobility more power
• Taxes could not be levied without
parliamentary approval
• Representative government gained a
tradition
10.England: fights among nobility led
to War of the Roses*
11.France: King refused to recognize
noble assemblies
• Duchy of Burgundy virtually
independent
• Monarch had right to levy most taxes
• Royal standing army help reduce
reliance on nobility
12.Growth of Nationalism
• Kings used propaganda to garner
support
• Hatred of the enemy united people
• Military victories led to national pride
• Literature reflected the new
nationalism (Chaucer’s Cantebury
Tales)
War of the Roses: England
• Nobles fought for control
–Lancaster (Red Rose) versus York
(White Rose)
–Henry IV (Lancaster king) usurped by
Edward IV (son of Duke of York)
–Edward’s brother, Richard III, took
over after Edward IV
• Henry Tudor of Lancaster line
usurped power after Richard III
• Henry VII (Tudor) married
daughter of Edward IV of York
to solidify his claim and unite
the Lancaster and York houses,
thus ending the war
English Rule
Tudors
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Jane Grey
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Tudor Dynasty: Henry VII
1489-1509
1. Passed laws
against “Livery
and Maintenance”
• Private army not
allowed to wear
lords livery
(insignia)
2. Laws passed to centralize
government
1. Royal Council (new court to
keep the peace)
2. Star Chamber represented
authority of king and council
(nobles tried w/o jury – torture
often used)
Tudor Dynasty: Henry VIII
1509-1547
1. Will break from
Roman Church
2. Led
Protestantism in
England
3. More later…
French Rule
Valois
Charles VII
Louis XI
Charles VIII
Louis XII
Francis I
Henry II
Francis II
Charles IX
Henry III
Valois Dynasty: Charles VII
1422-1461
Passed the
Pragmatic Sanction
of Bourges, 1438
Placed restrictions
of Papal Power in
France
Valois Dynasty: Louis XI: Spider King
1461-1483
1.
2.
3.
4.
Created Royal Army
Suppressed Brigands
Subdue Rebels
Estates-General met
and asked Louis to
rule without them
Valois Dynasty: Charles VIII
1483-1498
Involved France in
Italian wars
Valois Dynasty: Francis I
1. Signed
Concordat of
Bologna in 1516
(reversed Prag. Sanc.
Of Bourges)
2. Passed tax: taille
(1st & 2nd Estates
Exempt: most hated tax
of the ancien régime)
Signed Concordat of Bologna with
Pope Leo X
• Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction
(1438) that placed French
Catholic Church (Gallican
Church) in control apart from
Rome
• Pope get $ from French Clergy
• King choose Bishops and Abbots
Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
Hapsburgs
Frederick III
Maximilion I
Charles V
Ferdinand I
Maximilian II
Rudolf II
Matthias
Ferdinand II
Ferdinand III
Leopold I
Joseph I
Charles VI
Hapsburg Dynasty
• 1356 Golden Bull gave 7 electors right
to name Emperor (Pope had no say)
• Most dominate royal family were the
Hapsburgs, which will come to rule the
HRE for centuries to come…
• Constant threat from Ottoman Turks in
the East… see map on next slide
Hapsburgs: Maximilian I
1. Focused on increasing
Austrian and
Hungarian territories
2. Marriage to Mary of
Burgundy increased
holdings
Hapsburgs: Charles V
1. Most powerful ruler
in Europe at the time
2. Ruled Spain and
Austria
3. Sacked Rome in
1527
4. Tried to stop
Protestantism in
German States
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella
Regents
Hapsburgs
Charles I (Carlos I)
Philip II
Philip III
Philip IV
Charles II (Carlos II)
Creation: Ferdinand and Isabella
1. Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella
(Castille) marry
2. Marriage unified Spain (1492)
3. Reconquista eliminated Moors and
expelled Jews
4. Hermandades was an alliance of
cities to oppose nobles
5. Spanish Inquisition helped to
enforce centralization
Spanish Hapsburgs: Charles I
1. Lack of clear heir after
series of regent rulers
2. Charles V of the HRE
was chosen as ruler of
Spain (Charles I of
Spain)
3. Spain now Hapsburg
territory
Spanish Hapsburgs: Philip II
1. One of Charles I
sons
2. Ruled with
religious fervor
3. Engaged in
religious wars*