Transcript The Development of Nation-States

The Development of
Nation-States
Europe in the 14th and 15th
Centuries
During most of the Feudal era, monarchs
had limited power
Modern nations did not exist
Powerful nobles often had as much power
as monarchs
Nobles maintained their own armies
By the 14th century, monarchs began to
consolidate their power and modern
nations began to develop
France
The Last Capetian Kings
Philip IV “The Fair”
Struggled with papacy
over taxation of clergy
Dissolved Knights
Templar
First Estates General
Relied on
professional ministers
to run government
Succeeded in turn by his three sons:
– Louis X
– Philip V
– Charles IV
All three died without having male heirs
Crown was offered to Philip of Valois
Monarchs of the 100 Years War
Philip VI
John II “The Good”
Charles V “The Wise”
Charles VI “The Mad”
Charles VII “The
Dauphin”
Philip VI –
first Valois monarch
Charles VII (1422 – 1461)
Ended 100 Years War
Consolidated royal
authority
Pragmatic Sanction of
1438
First French standing
army
Louis XI – “The Spider King”
1461 - 1485
Used assassination,
arrest and public
execution to extend his
power
Adds much of
Burgundy to France
Stimulated French
economy
By end of 15th century France was a
unified nation under a strong monarch
France also controlled parts of Flanders
Interested in extending their power into
Italy, especially the Kingdom of Naples
Spain
In 8th century, Visigothic Spain was
conquered by Berber Muslims
By 10th century Reconquista began
By 13th century the only Muslim part of
Spain was Granada
In 1450, Spain was divided into several
kingdoms – the most important were
Portugal, Castile and Leon, and Aragon
Castile and Leon
Originally 2 nations that
were united in 1230
Involved in Reconquista
– “castile” means castle
1454 Isabella of Castile
ascended the throne –
great-granddaughter of
John of Gaunt
Married Ferdinand of
Aragon in 1469
Aragon
Looked towards the
Mediterranean
Acquired Sicily 1282
Acquired Kingdom of
Naples 1443
Acquired Navarre mid
1400s
Ferdinand of Aragon
married Isabella of
Castile in 1469
Ferdinand and Isabella
Arms of Castile
Arms of Aragon
Ferdinand and
Isabella with their
daughter, Juana
United their two countries
Completed Reconquista in 1492
Established a program of religious
orthodoxy that led to –
– The Spanish Inquisition (1478)
– Deportation of Jews and Muslims in 1492
Financed Columbus’ voyages and
expanded Spain's territories into the “New
World”
Council of the Indies (1524)
Juana “the Mad”
Ferdinand and
Isabella’s heir
Married Philip “the
Handsome” – son of
Holy Roman Emperor
Power struggle after
Isabella’s death in
1504 between
Ferdinand and Philip
Philip died suddenly
of typhus in 1506
Ferdinand declared
Juana insane and
imprisoned her in
castle at Tordesillas
After Ferdinand’s
death, Juana
abdicated in favor of
her son, Charles I
(later Charles V HRE)
Philip and Juana
The Holy Roman Empire
First established when Pope Leo III
crowned Charlemagne in 800
Major power in Europe between 900 and
1100
The HRE was elected by German princes
but confirmed and crowned by the pope
Empire difficult to unify because it
contained many different peoples,
languages and cultures
Charles (r 1347-1361)
– “Golden Bull” established electors:
Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne,
King of Bohemia, Count Palatine of the Rhine,
Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke of Saxony
Sigismund (r 1411-1437)
– Council of Constance
– No male heir; daughter married Habsburg
prince Albert
Albert
– Only reigned for one year
Frederick III
Habsburg
Habsburgs will rule
Holy Roman Empire
(and then Austria)
until 1919
Last HRE to be
crowned by the pope
“Let others lead wars;
you, happy Austria,
marry!”
Maximilian I
Expanded HRE and firmly
established the
Habsburgs as a
European power
Married Mary of
Burgundy and added the
Netherlands to Habsburg
domains
Claimed Milan through
second marriage to
daughter of the Duke
Charles V
Son of Juana of
Castile and Philip the
Handsome
Inherited both Spain
and the Holy Roman
Empire
Elected Emperor at
age of 18
Habsburg Domains during reign of Charles V
England
Saxon England was conquered in 1066 by
William, Duke of Normandy
The English monarchs quickly
consolidated their power and united the
country
The culture and language of the English
nobility was Norman French throughout
much of the Middle Ages
The Plantagenet's
William’s son Henry I
left the throne to his
daughter Matilda –
resulted in over 20
years of civil war
Henry II – son of
Matilda and Count
Geoffrey of Anjou –
inherited the throne in
1154
Henry II
Henry was King of
England, Count of
Anjou, Duke of
Normandy, Duke of
Aquitaine, Duke of
Brittany and claimed
lordship over Ireland.
In 1170, the
English monarch
controlled more
French territory
than did the King
of France!
The Plantagenet's and the
Development of Parliament
Originated as the Great Council – whose
origins go back to Saxon times
First became an institution under Edward I
in 1264
“Model Parliament” of 1295 – Parliament
consisted of “Lords” (nobility and bishops)
and “Commons” (knights and burgesses
from the shires)
Had power over taxation
In 1327 Parliament was instrumental in the
deposition of Edward II and replacing him
with his son, Edward III
During the reign of Edward III:
– Parliament was first divided into two separate
“Houses” – Lords and Commons
– The office of “Speaker of the House” was
created
– Parliament increased in power as the king
requested more money for the 100 Years War
Edward III
English language
replaced French as the
language of the law
courts and Parliament
Introduced the title of
“Duke” for nobles who are
closely related to the
monarch
“Order of the Garter” –
established 1348
Started 100 Years War
with France
Richard II
Grandson of Edward III
Peasants’ Revolt of 1381
Unpopular with many of the
nobles because:
– Did not pursue the French
wars
– Interested in cultural issues
rather than fighting
– Preferred his “favorites’, who
were not from traditional
noble houses
Richard II was
deposed by his
cousin Henry of
Lancaster – leading to
the rule of the . . .
Lancastrian Monarchs
Henry IV (1399 – 1413)
Henry V (1413 – 1422)
Henry VI (1422 – 1461 and 1470 -1471)
Henry V
Continued wars with
France – Battle of
Agincourt in 1415 was a
major English victory
Treaty of Troyes – Henry
married French princess
Catherine and will inherit
the throne when her
father, Charles the Mad,
dies
Henry and Charles both
died in 1422
Henry VI
Inherited both the French and English
thrones at the age of 6 months
His uncles, the sons of Henry IV, ruled for
him during his minority
During these years, England continued to
fight in France and lost most of the
territory that Henry V had gained
Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou
was an attempt to bring about peace
Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
The Wars of the Roses
The White Rose of York
The Red Rose of Lancaster
A dynastic war over which descendants of
Edward III should rule England
Would not have happened if Henry VI had
not had periodic bouts of insanity inherited
from his French grandfather, King Charles
“the Mad”
When he could not rule, the question was
“Who should rule for him?”
Richard, Duke of York, was the heir to the
throne and a powerful noble, but Margaret
neither liked nor trusted him
Margaret preferred to rely on Henry’s
illegitimate Beaufort cousins and denied
Richard of York any role in the
government
This eventually led to warfare in 1455 and
to Richard’s claiming the throne for himself
in 1459.
In 1460, Richard was killed at the Battle of
Wakefield, but his oldest son Edward
continued the fight and gained the throne
for himself in 1460
Battles of the
Wars of the
Roses
Edward IV and Elizabeth
Woodville
Edward was a strong and popular ruler
until his sudden death in 1483
His death left his 12 year old son as heir
under the control of Edward’s widely
disliked wife, Elizabeth Woodville.
An irregularity in Edward and Elizabeth’s
marriage led Edward’s younger brother
Richard to claim the throne on the grounds
that the young princes were illegitimate
and thus could not rule
Richard was crowned Richard III in June,
1483
Richard III
“The Princes in the Tower”
A Romantic 19th century
painting
Margaret Beaufort
Grand-daughter of
John of Gaunt and
Katherine Swynford
Married at age 13 to
Edmund Tudor, the
half-brother of Henry VI
Had one son – Henry
Tudor
Was very well educated
and deeply religious
Margaret worked with disaffected
Lancastrians and Yorkists who refused to
support Richard III to gain support for her
son, Henry, who was in exile in France
Henry was of royal lineage on both sides –
descended from Edward III through the
illigitimate Beaufort branch through his
mother and from Charles “the Mad”
through his father who was the son of
Catherine of Valois’ second marriage to
Owen Tudor
The House of Tudor
Henry Tudor invaded England and
defeated Richard III at the Battle of
Bosworth Field in August, 1485
Married Elizabeth of York – the oldest
daughter of Edward IV – and united the
Houses of Lancaster and York
Not a popular monarch, but did bring an
end to 30 years of the civil war
Henry VII and Elizabeth of York
The Tudor Rose
By 1500 The monarch was supreme – there were
no powerful nobles to challenge him
Parliament had authority to depose or
name the monarch
Parliament had authority over taxation
England and Wales were united; England
claimed Ireland and controlled large parts
of the island