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AP Euro
Introduction Review
What is History?
1. Events of the past.
2. A record of those events.
3. A collection of ideas and points of
view about those events.
Where Does Western Culture Come From?
Western Civilization
Ancient
Civilizations:
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Ancient
Greece
Ancient Roman
Empire/Republic
Judeo-Christian
Religions
Writing
Language
Currency
Democracy
Philosophy
Art & Culture
City
Republic
Government,
Code of Laws
Religion
Moral and
Ethical Codes
Unifying Beliefs
Monotheistic Religion
Palestine and the Religion of the Israelites.
Belief in one God.
Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam trace their
roots here.
Hebrew Bible is a
historical record.
Hebrew History
Abraham, Moses, and the land of Canaan.
Kingdoms of David and Solomon.
Contributed code of morals, ethics.
586 BCE: Foreign invaders destroy temple on
Mt. Zion, Jews face the DIASPORA
(scattering).
Israel would never be a Jewish state again
until 1948 CE/AD.
The Greeks
The polis (city-state)
Sparta (strong dictatorship)
Athens (cultured democracy)
Permanent damage done to Greek
culture in Peloponnesian War (431
BCE)
Greek Philosophy
Socrates: Teacher/disturber of peace
– Encouraged questioning what is known and free
thought.
– Ideas led to rise of democracy
Plato: Socrates’ best student
– Founded the Academy
– Order, harmony, justice, and philosopher-kings.
Aristotle: Plato’s student/tutor to Alexander
the Great.
– Founded the Lyceum: 336 BCE.
– Defended power of the middle class.
Rome
Moved from kingdom to republic run by
nobility.
Expanded Roman rule by absorbing cities
rather than destroying them.
Rule of Roman Senate= Republic.
Punic Wars damaged economy, farms, and
constitution --> Senate loses control of
armies, rise of Julius Caesar as Emperor.
Roman Decline
By 100 AD/CE, Rome faced many problems.
– Cost of maintaining standing army.
– “Bread and circuses”: cost of providing food and
entertainment for citizens.
– Huge government bureaucracy with paid
members.
– Rise of Christianity: No longer worshipped the
emperor as a “god”.
– Expensive wars against invading “barbarians”:
The Vandals, Vikings, and Visigoths of the north.
• Ostrogoths, Franks (France), Angles and Saxons
(England)
• Many were Christian already.
Europe Enters Middle Ages
“Barbarians” combined Greco-Roman
culture with Christianity.
– A. Byzantine Empire: The East.
• Capital: Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey today)
– B. Rise of Islam: Middle East
• Muhammad, prophet (570-632 CE)
• Means “submission to Allah (God)”
• Formed common Arab culture and conquered
Spain and eastern Mediterranean.
Charlemagne
In the Middle Ages, there was no chief central
political authority in Europe.
Frankish King Charlemagne (r. 768-814) was
the only one. Ruled over Belgium, France,
Holland, Switzerland, parts of Spain.
– Developed strong ties with nobility and Church.
– Led to creation of the Holy Roman Empire- a
revival of Western Roman Empire, but based in
Germany.
– No more central authority after he died though.
Feudalism
Europe was fragmented (no unity= lots
of invading armies).
Weak, local populations became
dependent on armies for protection.
Feudalism: social, political, military, and
economic system that emerged in
response to this system.
Feudalism/Manorial Society
Regional prince/lord is dominant over a
populace:
– Vassalage- Lower nobles/warriors pledged
“fealty”, loyalty to lord in exchange for his
protection. Lord provided vassals with a fief.
– Fief- wealth (cash or property) to meet vassal’s
military needs.
– Manor- local village farms owned by a landlord
– Peasants labor as farmers, receive small farms to
rent in exchange for crops, services, and taxes
paid by PEASANTS.
– Peasants bound to land (not free people) were
called SERFS.
Church and State in the
Middle Ages
High Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD)
– More security, stronger armies= rise of
“national” monarchies.
– Emergence of towns, trade, commerce.
– Western Church (with the Pope in Rome as
the head) was independent/sovereign, and
more powerful as a POLITICAL body.
• Concordat of Worms- 1121
Division of Christendom
Conflicts over religious practice and
beliefs led to split in the Church.
Eastern Europe no longer wanted to be
under the Pope’s control.
Division of the Church
Western
Eastern
ROMAN CATHOLIC
ORTHODOX
Language: Latin
Independent of other
monarchies.
Celibacy for clergy.
Unleavened bread for
Eucharist.
Holy Spirit comes from
Father and Son.
Use icons/images in worship
Church authority: Pope in
Rome
Language: Greek
Strong “mystical” orientation
to the afterlife.
Priests can marry.
Leavened bread in
Eucharist.
No use of images in worship
(Islamic influence).
Church authority: The Bible,
worldwide councils, and
national independent
churches (Russian, Greek)
Rise of Towns
After Rome collapsed, Western Europe
became more agricultural and isolated.
500-1000 CE: “The Dark Ages”
Late 10th c., towns began to grow
again.
Seaports of Italy especially successful:
Venice, Genoa, Pisa
Rise of Towns
Led to rise of “new rich”: successful town
merchants (non-nobles).
“Bourgeois” or “burgher” was a negative term
for townspeople.
Merchants created “bourgs”: market towns.
Had money, so they were a threat to the
traditional powerful (nobles and clergy)
Paid heavy taxes, resented the nobility and
clergy.
Formed merchant guilds to defend
themselves.
The Crusades!
1095: Pope Urban II proclaims first Crusade
to win the Holy Land (Israel) back from
Muslims.
Soldiers were promised forgiveness for all
sins.
Jerusalem fell to W. Europeans in 1099, but
50 years later the Muslims won it back.
2 more Crusades followed.
Became more about control of trade than
Holy Land.
Rise of New Monarchies
England
– William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy)
defeated Anglo-Saxons at Hastings in 1066. Had
control of England and France.
– Blended his rule with the nobility’s.
– Henry II pressed his power against Church and
nobles.
– Brothers Richard the Lion-Hearted (1189-1199 and
John (1199-1216) dealt with rebellions.
• ROBIN HOOD?
Rise of New Monarchies
England
– Richard’s crusades caused heavy taxes
– King John fought with the Pope and was
excommunicated from the Church, abused
his power and was forced to sign the
Magna Carta in 1215 by his nobles:
• King was not above the law
• Had to ask nobles for permission to raise taxes!
Rise of New Monarchies
France
– Norman conquest of France led to Capet
Dynasty (royal family and court)
– Established national sentiment, patriotism
(nationalism)
– King Louis IX (1226-1270) was sainted.
Rise of New Monarchies
Holy Roman Empire
– Germany, Burgundy, Northern Italy
– Politically fragmented
– Popes maintained superior power.
Formation of Modern
European Nations
England and France
– Strongest, most competitive
Holy Roman Empire
– Disunited; weak emperors
– Papal power
Italian city-states
– Independent of each other, fragmented
Arab presence in Spain and the
Meditteranean
Byzantine Empire (Turkey, Eastern Europe).
Universities and Scholasticism
Muslim scholars preserved works of ancient
philosophers and translated them.
Universities at Bologna, Paris, and Oxford:
– Liberal arts with medicine, science, law, grammar,
rhetoric, logic, math, astronomy, music.
Aristotle highly influential in European thought
and education
Worry that this would interfere with Church’s
teachings.